Although many methods for enzyme immobilization have been described in patents and publications, relatively few processes employing immobilized enzymes have been successfully commercialized. The cost of most industrial enzymes is often only a minor component in overall process economics, and in these instances, the additional costs associated with enzyme immobilization are often not justified. More commonly the benefit realized from enzyme immobilization relates to the process advantages that an immobilized catalyst offers, for example, enabling continuous production, improved stability and the absence of the biocatalyst in the product stream. The development and attributes of several established and emerging industrial applications for immobilized enzymes, including high-fructose corn syrup production, pectin hydrolysis, debittering of fruit juices, interesterification of food fats and oils, biodiesel production, and carbon dioxide capture are reviewed herein, highlighting factors that define the advantages of enzyme immobilization.

Industrial use of immobilized enzymes

Oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin have been the most important renewable feedstock of the chemical industry in the past and in the present. A tremendous geographical and feedstock shift of oleochemical production has taken place from North America and Europe to southeast Asia and from tallow to palm oil. It will be important to introduce and to cultivate more and new oil plants containing fatty acids with interesting and desired properties for chemical utilization while simultaneously increasing the agricultural biodiversity. The problem of the industrial utilization of food plant oils has become more urgent with the development of the global biodiesel production. The remarkable advances made during the last decade in organic synthesis, catalysis, and biotechnology using plant oils and the basic oleochemicals derived from them will be reported, including, for example, ω-functionalization of fatty acids containing internal double bonds, application of the olefin metathesis reaction, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids from abundantly available renewable carbon sources.

Oils and Fats as Renewable Raw Materials in Chemistry

Size dependence of nanostructures: Impact of bond order deficiency

Vegetable oil-based polymeric materials: synthesis, properties, and applications

The irruption of polymers from renewable resources on the scene of macromolecular science and technology

NiOOH is considered as the most active intermediate during electrochemical oxidation reaction, however, it is hard to directly synthesize due to high oxidation energy. Herein, theoretical calculations predict that α‐FeOOH enables a decline in formation energy and an improvement in stabilization of NiOOH in NiFe‐based layered double hydroxide (LDH). Inspiringly, a composite composed of α‐FeOOH and LDH is well‐designed and successfully fabricated in hydrothermal treatment by adding extra Fe3+ resource, and stable NiOOH is obtained by the following electro‐oxidation method. Benefiting from strong electron‐capturing capability of α‐FeOOH, it efficiently promotes charge redistribution around the Ni/Fe sites and activates Ni atoms of LDH, verified by X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and X‐ray absorption spectra (XAS). The d‐band center is optimized that balances the absorption and desorption energy, and thus Gibbs free energy barrier is lowered dramatically toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR), and finally showing an outstanding overpotential of 195 mV and a potential of 1.35 V at 10 mA cm−2, respectively. This study provides a novel strategy to construct highly efficient catalysts via the introduction of a new phase for complex multiple‐electron reactions.

Formation and Stabilization of NiOOH by Introducing α‐FeOOH in LDH: Composite Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution and Urea Oxidation Reactions

Reduction and morphology of silver nanoparticles via liquid-liquid method

(Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT) inverse opal photonic crystals were synthesized by a process of self-assembly in combination with a sol-gel technique In this process, PLZT precursors were infiltrated into the interstices of the opal template assembled by monodisperse submicron polystyrene spheres, and then gelled in a humid environment Polystyrene template was removed by calcining the specimen at a final temperature of 700 °C accompanied with the crystallization of perovskite phase in PLZT inverse opal network Scanning electron microscope images show that the inverse opals possess a fcc structure with a lattice constant of 250 nm A wide photonic band gap in the visible range is observed from transmission spectra of the sample Such PLZT inverse opals as photonic crystals should be of importance in device applications

Photonic band gap in (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 inverse opals

Electron transfer in Cu/Cu2O generated by disproportionation promoting efficient CO2 photoreduction

The side-chain oxidation of 2-nitrotoluene in liquid phase in the presence of catalytic amount of manganese sulfate and stoichiometric amount of potassium hydroxide with oxygen was studied. In the most favorable conditions, over 80% of conversion of 2-nitrotoluene and 50% of selectivity to 2-nitrobenzaldehyde was achieved. Effects of the reaction parameters on the conversion of the reactant and the selectivity of the product were examined. These results, together with EPR spectroscopic study, show that a benzyl anion was formed in the early stage of the reaction, which was then converted to the final product via a free radical mechanism.

Studies on Catalytic Side-Chain Oxidation of Nitroaromatics to Aldehydes with Oxygen

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Minmin Cai

Author Tools

Chat about Author