The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the recent surgical intraoperational applications of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging methods, the basics of the technology, and instrumentation used. Well over 200 papers describing this technique in clinical setting are reviewed. In addition to the surgical applications, other recent medical applications of ICG are briefly examined.

/pdf/a-review-of-indocyanine-green-fluorescent-imaging-in-surgery-4z5ze14r4u.pdf

A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery

Embryoid-body cells derived from a mouse embryonic stem cell line show differentiation into functional hepatocytes

Butyrate interferes with the differentiation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Hepatic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells

Background & Aims
microRNA-122 is the only identified liver-specific miRNA and plays a crucial role in liver development, maintenance of hepatic homeostasis as well as tumourigenesis. In our previous differentiation of ESCs into hepatocytes, microRNA-122 (miR-122) was expressed at a relatively low level. Here, we aim to elucidate the effect and underlying mechanisms of miR-122 during differentiation of ESCs into hepatocytes.

Methods
Mouse ESCs were initially induced towards HPCs by activin A, FGF-4 and sodium butyrate and were subsequently transfected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing vector pAV.Ex1d-CMV>miR-122/IRES/eGFP 9 days after induction. Cells were analysed by real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, microscopy and functional assays. Furthermore, microarray analysis was performed.

Results
We demonstrated that overexpression of miR-122 could effectively promote hepatic differentiation and maturation, as assessed by morphological and functional tests. The microarray analysis revealed that 323 genes were down-regulated, whereas 59 were up-regulated. Particularly, two liver-specific transcription factors, FoxA1 and HNF4a, were significantly up-regulated. Moreover, the expression of E-cadherin was dramatically increased and the proliferation of HPCs was suppressed, whereas knockdown of FoxA1 reduced E-cadherin expression and increased the proliferation of HPCs. In addition, the expression levels of FoxA1, HNF4a and E-cadherin in time-course transfection experiments with miR-122 were not significantly increased except in cells in which transfection with miR-122 occurred 9 days after induction.

Conclusion
Overexpression of miR-122 at an appropriate stage could promote hepatic differentiation and maturation by regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation, as well as the balance between EMT and MET, partially through a miR-122/FoxA1/HNF4a-positive feedback loop.

Overexpression of miR-122 promotes the hepatic differentiation and maturation of mouse ESCs through a miR-122/FoxA1/HNF4a-positive feedback loop.

There is increasing evidence to suggest that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are capable of differentiating into hepatocytes in vitro. In this study, we used a combination of cytokines and sodium butyrate in a novel three-step procedure to efficiently direct the differentiation of mouse ESCs into hepatocytes. Mouse ESCs were first differentiated into definitive endoderm cells by 3 days of treatment with Activin A. The definitive endoderm cells were then differentiated into hepatocytes by the addition of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and sodium butyrate to the culture medium for 5 days. After 10 days of further in vitro maturation, the morphological and phenotypic markers of hepatocytes were characterized using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, the cells were tested for functions associated with mature hepatocytes, including glycogen storage and indocyanine green uptake and release, and the ratio of hepatic differentiation was determined by counting the percentage of albumin-positive cells. In the presence of medium containing cytokines and sodium butyrate, numerous epithelial cells resembling hepatocytes were observed, and approximately 74% of the cells expressed the hepatic marker, albumin, after 18 days in culture. RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that these cells expressed adult liver cell markers, and had the abilities of glycogen storage and indocyanine green uptake and release. We have developed an efficient method for directing the differentiation of mouse ESCs into cells that exhibit the characteristics of mature hepatocytes. This technique will be useful for research into the molecular mechanisms underlying liver development, and could provide a source of hepatocytes for transplantation therapy and drug screening.

Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes induced by a combination of cytokines and sodium butyrate

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Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes induced by a combination of cytokines and sodium butyrate