Guiding of relativistically intense laser pulses with peak power of 0.85 PW over 15 diffraction lengths was demonstrated by increasing the focusing strength of a capillary discharge waveguide using laser inverse bremsstrahlung heating. This allowed for the production of electron beams with quasimonoenergetic peaks up to 7.8 GeV, double the energy that was previously demonstrated. Charge was 5 pC at 7.8 GeV and up to 62 pC in 6 GeV peaks, and typical beam divergence was 0.2 mrad.

/pdf/petawatt-laser-guiding-and-electron-beam-acceleration-to-8-3am1ju538d.pdf

Petawatt laser guiding and electron beam acceleration to 8 GeV in laser-heated capillary discharge waveguides

Laser-produced plasmas (LPPs) engulf exotic and complex conditions ranging in temperature, density, pressure, magnetic and electric fields, charge states, charged particle kinetics, and gas-phase reactions, based on the irradiation conditions, target geometries, and the background cover gas. The application potential of the LPP is so diverse that it generates considerable interest for both basic and applied research areas. Although most of the traditional characterization techniques developed for other plasma sources can be used to characterize the LPPs, care must be taken to interpret the results because of their small size, transient nature, and inhomogeneities. The existence of the large spatiotemporal density and temperature gradients often necessitates non-uniform weighted averaging over distance and time. Among the various plasma characterization tools, optical-based diagnostic tools play a key role in the accurate measurements of LPP parameters. The optical toolbox contains optical probing methods (Thomson scattering, shadowgraphy, Schlieren, interferometry, velocimetry, and deflectometry), optical spectroscopy (emission, absorption, and fluorescence), and passive and active imaging. Each technique is useful for measuring a specific property, and its use is limited to a certain time span during the LPP evolution because of the sensitivity issues related to the selected measuring tool. Therefore, multiple diagnostic tools are essential for a comprehensive insight into the entire plasma behavior. In recent times, the improvements in performance in the lasers and detector systems expanded the capability of the aforementioned passive and active diagnostics tools. This review provides an overview of optical diagnostic tools frequently employed for the characterization of the LPPs and emphasizes techniques, associated assumptions, and challenges. 

Optical diagnostics of laser-produced plasmas

Laser-produced plasmas (LPPs) engulf exotic and complex conditions ranging in temperature, density, pressure, magnetic and electric fields, charge states, charged particle kinetics, and gas-phase reactions, based on the irradiation conditions, target geometries, and the background cover gas. The application potential of the LPP is so diverse that it generates considerable interest for both basic and applied research areas. Although most of the traditional characterization techniques developed for other plasma sources can be used to characterize the LPPs, care must be taken to interpret the results because of their small size, transient nature, and inhomogeneities. The existence of the large spatiotemporal density and temperature gradients often necessitates non-uniform weighted averaging over distance and time. Among the various plasma characterization tools, optical-based diagnostic tools play a key role in the accurate measurements of LPP parameters. The optical toolbox contains optical probing methods (Thomson scattering, shadowgraphy, Schlieren, interferometry, velocimetry, and deflectometry), optical spectroscopy (emission, absorption, and fluorescence), and passive and active imaging. Each technique is useful for measuring a specific property, and its use is limited to a certain time span during the LPP evolution because of the sensitivity issues related to the selected measuring tool. Therefore, multiple diagnostic tools are essential for a comprehensive insight into the entire plasma behavior. In recent times, the improvements in performance in the lasers and detector systems expanded the capability of the aforementioned passive and active diagnostics tools. This review provides an overview of optical diagnostic tools frequently employed for the characterization of the LPPs and emphasizes techniques, associated assumptions, and challenges.

pdf/optical-diagnostics-of-laser-produced-plasmas-15d6noig.pdf

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41365-021-00910-1.pdf

Effect of multiple parameters on the supersonic gas-jet target characteristics for laser wakefield acceleration

As a new Raman spectroscopy technology, Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) can realize the detection of bilayer-and even multilayer-compositions nondestructively and non-invasively, providing the possibility of vivo biological diagnosis. In this paper, the detection of CO32- and PO43- covered by PTFE was realized, which are the main mineral components of bone tissues.

Study on the mineral composition detection in bone by spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

Supersonic gas-jet target performs an important role in laser wakefield acceleration, and its density diagnosis is a significant part of target characteristic study. In this paper, a Mach–Zehnder and Nomarski interference system is set up and used for gas-jet target density diagnosis. We have investigated and compared the performance of the Mach–Zehnder part and Nomarski part. The feasibility of the Nomarski interferometer with vertical fringes has been verified. Moreover, it shows better stability and has a more compact structure, beneficial for obtaining more accurate and effective target density characterization in laser wakefield acceleration.

Application of Nomarski interference system in supersonic gas-jet target diagnosis

As a new type of conventional Raman spectroscopy(CRS) technology, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy(SORS) can acquire subsurface information of the multi-layered materials and realize the detection of concealed materials in nonmetallic opaque and translucent containers. In this paper, the spectrum of NaNO3 powder in a red opaque plastic bottle and a brown translucent glass bottle were detected with a 785nm SORS detection system. According to comparison and analysis, the Raman signal and fluorescence of the surface opaque HDPE container and the surface translucent glass container were suppressed by SORS. The subsurface concealed NaNO3 Raman spectrum peak was detected successfully.

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy detection for the concealed components in non-metallic opaque and translucent containers

Terahertz radiation enhanced by a laser-irradiating on a double-layer target

Gas targets hold distinctive significance and advantages in the field of laser-matter interaction. As a major type of gas targets, supersonic gas target is one of the most commonly used targets for laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA). The temporal-spatial resolution study of it could provide valuable data references for the LWFA experiment. In this work, a Nomarski interference system with high spatial-temporal resolution was set up to diagnose the jet process of supersonic gas jet target. The formation process of supersonic gas jet under different jet durations, different injection positions and different gas back pressures was studied. It is beneficial to determine the more optimized time and position of laser injection into target when conducting LWFA experiments. Therefore, the quality of the obtained electron beam and radiation source can be effectively improved. 

Characteristic diagnosis of supersonic gas jet target for laser wakefield acceleration with high spatial-temporal resolution Nomarski interference system

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