Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D nanomaterials) are a sophisticated advanced class of atomically thick nanomaterials that consist of a single to few layers of atoms. The lateral size of the 2D nanomaterials can reach up to micrometers, and even longer can be produced by improving synthesis methods. The 2D nanomaterials have unique features of high anisotropy, effective surface area, mechanical strength, plasmonic, electron confinement, and optical properties. According to the class, the 2D nanomaterials can be tuned to superconductors, semiconductors to insulators. 2D nanomaterials are extensively explored for membranes, energy production/storage, tissue engineering, sensing, and catalytic applications. In this review, we concisely discussed the synthesis, key characteristics, and striking properties of 2D nanomaterials. Finally, review concludes with a future perspective and conclusive remarks. Indeed, ultrathin 2D nanomaterials have become critical players in every field of material science. In the near future, these materials will be revolutionary in the energy and environmental sectors. 

Two-dimensional nanomaterials: A critical review of recent progress, properties, applications, and future directions

Rise of 2D materials-based membranes for desalination

Revolutionizing waste-to-energy: harnessing the power of triboelectric nanogenerators

Designing sub-nanometer pores for efficient boron removal

Flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENGs) are rapidly emerging as highly promising devices for energy harvesting and wireless sensor applications, offering self-powering capabilities and advanced smart sensing functionalities. However, their performance is contingent upon various influential factors that necessitate diligent attention and resolution. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the performance of F-TENGs and highlights the recent advancements in self-powered sensing technology utilizing them. The initial section provides a concise overview of the fundamental concepts and working mechanisms of F-TENGs, critically assessing the impact of various factors such as materials, surface morphology, environmental conditions, and power management units on their performance. These advancements have the potential to significantly broaden the applications of F-TENGs across diverse smart sensing domains, contributing to sustainable development and wider end-use. Moreover, the review underscores their crucial role in self-powered energy devices and their potential as integral sensing elements for Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. It also explores the challenges and future directions of F-TENGs, providing a roadmap for their development, scalability, and commercialization within modern IoT and AI frameworks. Ultimately, this review offers an in-depth understanding of the factors influencing the output performance of F-TENGs and proposes strategies for future research to unlock their full potential, enabling stable and autonomous smart sensing solutions. 

Factors Affecting the Performance of Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators (F-TENGs) and their Sensing Capabilities: A Comprehensive Review

Contact electrification (triboelectrification) (CE) is a universal phenomenon in ambient environment and has been recorded for more than 2600 years. Nonetheless, the intrinsic mechanism of CE still remains controversial. Herein, based on first‐principles theory, the underlying mechanism in CE is systematically investigated between metallic MXenes and semiconductive MoS2. The results show that the work functions of contacting materials dominate the direction of electron transfer during CE process. That is, the electron will be transferred from the material with low work function to the one with high work function. The theoretical prediction is verified experimentally through investigating triboelectric probes based on MXenes and MoS2 nanomaterials. Additionally, it is noted that the interfacial potential barrier and the work function difference together modulate the amount of transferred electron. Electron transfer mainly occurs in the repulsive forces region where the interaction distance between the two materials is shorter than the normal bonding length. The quantum calculation results agree well with the Wang transition theory. Furthermore, it is also noticed that, due to the wave‐particle duality of electron, electron transfer will obviously occur at the attractive force region when the two contacting materials exhibit a larger work function difference.

Investigation of Contact Electrification between 2D MXenes and MoS2 through Density Functional Theory and Triboelectric Probes

Confined lamellar channels structured by multilayer graphene for high-efficiency desalination

Photocatalysis offers a direct, yet robust, approach to eradicate pathogenic bacteria. However, the practical implementation of photocatalytic disinfection faces a significant challenge due to low-efficiency photogenerated carrier separation and transfer. Here, we present an effective approach to improve photocatalytic disinfection performance by exploiting the pyro-phototronic effect through a synergistic combination of pyroelectric properties and photocatalytic processes. A set of comprehensive studies reveals that the temperature fluctuation-induced pyroelectric field promotes photoexcited carrier separation and transfer and thus facilitates the generation of reactive oxygen species and ultimately enhances photocatalytic disinfection performance. It is worth highlighting that the constructed film demonstrated an exceptional antibacterial efficiency exceeding 95% against pathogenic bacteria under temperature fluctuations and light irradiation. Moreover, the versatile modulation role of the pyro-phototronic effect in boosting photocatalytic disinfection was corroborated. This work paves the way for improving photocatalytic disinfection efficiency by harnessing the synergistic potential of various inherent material properties.

A Robust Pyro-phototronic Route to Markedly Enhanced Photocatalytic Disinfection.

The charge features of membranes are considered to have a significant influence on the optimization of their desalination performance. Two-dimensional hexagon boron nitride (h-BN) sheets with abundant partial charge distribution should show a special influence on the water/ion transport. However, the nanochannel made of stacked polar h-BN sheets as a desalination membrane is rarely discussed. In this work, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was adopted to explore the influence of the atomic partial charges on the desalination performance of the lamellar h-BN channel. Simulation results show that the Coulomb interaction between water/ions and the channels affects the passage of water/ion through the lamellar h-BN channel. The ion and water transport rates decrease noticeably when passing through the strongly polarized membrane. The influence of electrostatic interactions on water/ion transport decreases with the interlayer height increasing. Moreover, the data also reveal a novelty finding that the salt rejection of the polarized channel increases proportionally with the length of the channel increasing, along with the decrease in water and ion flux. These observations provide some valuable suggestions for the design of membranes with excellent desalination performance by manipulating the electrostatic properties of membranes, the interlayer height, or the length of the channel. 

Exploring Water/Ion Transport through the Polarized Lamellar Channels

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Papers

Investigation of Contact Electrification between 2D MXenes and MoS2 through Density Functional Theory and Triboelectric Probes

Confined lamellar channels structured by multilayer graphene for high-efficiency desalination

A Robust Pyro-phototronic Route to Markedly Enhanced Photocatalytic Disinfection.

Exploring Water/Ion Transport through the Polarized Lamellar Channels