Titanium nitride (TiN), a prominent transition metal nitride (TMN), has garnered significant attention for its exceptional characteristics and versatile applications in modern technologies. This comprehensive review highlights TiN's unique properties,...

Titanium Nitride (TiN) as a Promising Alternative to Plasmonic Metals: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis and Applications

Pseudocapacitive materials with surface‐redox reactions are capable of realizing high capacities at ultrahigh rates; however, it remains a challenge in the synthesis of active components with high surface area to boost surface‐redox sodiation but restrain side reactions. Herein, a two‐step, topochemical synthesis of 2D mesoporous TiN (2D‐meso‐TiN) with high surface area and rich mesoporosities is presented. It is demonstrated that the sodium‐ion storage mechanism of TiN anode is based on the existence of surficial titanium oxides via redox reactions between Ti4+ and Ti3+. The interconnected, highly conductive 2D‐meso‐TiN with high surface area largely increases the pseudocapacitive capacities, leading to a high capacity of 160/93 mAh g−1 at 0.1/10 A g−1, which is much higher than 2D‐TiN (120/72 mAh g−1) and commercial TiN nanoparticles (57/30 mAh g−1). The surface‐redox (de)sodiation undergoes no destruction of crystalline TiN, which enables high initial coulombic efficiency and long‐term cycles. Furthermore, a novel hybrid sodium‐ion capacitor consisting of 2D‐meso‐TiN anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode is assembled without any presodiation treatments. The hybrid capacitor delivers both high energy density (94 Wh kg−1 at 64 W kg−1) and high power density (38 Wh kg−1 at 4.4 kW kg−1), as well as long cycling stability.

Boosted Surface‐Redox Pseudocapacitance in 2D Mesoporous TiN for High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Capacitors

Rational construction of nanosized anode nanomaterials is crucial to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium-/sodium-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs). Various anode nanoparticles are created mainly via templating surface confinement, or encapsulation within precursors (such as metal-organic frameworks). Herein, low-content SnO2 nanodots on N-doped reduced graphene oxide (SnO2@N-rGO) were prepared as anode nanomaterials for LIBs and SIBs, via a distinctive lattice confinement of a CoAlSn-layered double hydroxide (CoAlSn-LDH) precursor. The SnO2@N-rGO composite exhibits the advantagous features of low-content (17.9 wt%) and uniform SnO2 nanodots (3.0 ± 0.5 nm) resulting from the lattice confinement of the Co and Al species to the surrounded Sn within the same crystalline layer, and high-content conductive rGO. The SnO2@N-rGO composite delivers a highly reversible capacity of 1146.2 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 for LIBs, and 387 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 for SIBs, outperforming N-rGO. Furthermore, the dominant capacitive contribution and the rapid electronic and ionic transfer, as well as small volume variation, all give rise to the enhancement. Precursor-based lattice confinement could thus be an effective strategy for designing and preparing uniform nanodots as anode nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage.

Low-content SnO2 nanodots on N-doped graphene: lattice-confinement preparation and high-performance lithium/sodium storage.

Along with great attention to eco-friendly power solutions, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have stepped into the limelight for electrical vehicles (EVs) and grid-scale energy storage systems (ESSs). SIBs have been perceived as a bright substitute for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to abundance on Earth along with the cost-effectiveness of Na resources compared to Li counterparts. Nevertheless, there are still inherent challenges to commercialize SIBs due to the relatively larger ionic radius and sluggish kinetics of Na+ ions than those of Li+ ions. Particularly, exploring novel anode materials is necessary because the conventional graphite anode in LIBs is less active in Na cells and hard carbon anodes exhibit a poor rate capability. Various metal compounds have been examined for high-performance anode materials in SIBs and they exhibit different electrochemical performances depending on their compositions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the correlation between cation and anion compositions of metal compound anodes and their structural features, energy storage mechanisms, working potentials, and electrochemical performances. On top of that, we also present current research progress and numerous strategies for achieving high energy density, power, and excellent cycle stability in anode materials. 

Review and Recent Advances in Metal Compounds as Potential High-Performance Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries

Nickel vanadium layered double hydroxide (NiV-LDH) is a highly promising electrode material for supercapacitors, but its poor electrochemical durability and conductivity limit its capacitance performance as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode. In contrast, titanium nitride (TiN) stands out for its outstanding electrochemical durability and superior conductivity. In this work, a composite material (TiN@NiV-LDH) with outstanding electrochemical performance was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, where nickel vanadium layered double hydroxide nanosheets were vertically grown in a staggered manner on the surface of amorphous titanium nitride nanoparticles. The results demonstrate that at a current density of 2 A g-1, the capacitance of TiN@NiV-LDH reaches 712.4 F g-1. In addition, the assembled TiN@NiV-LDH//AC asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 136.5 Wh kg-1 at a high power density of 1549.9 W kg-1, and after 10000 cycles at a high current density of 20 A g-1, it retains 80.2% excellent cyclic stability. This work, based on nickel vanadium layered double hydroxide and utilizing titanium nitride modification, aims to enhance the long-term stability of nickel vanadium layered double hydroxide while preserving its advantageous properties, providing a promising strategy for designing efficient supercapacitor electrodes. 

Highly conductive titanium nitride core sterically reinforced nickel-vanadium layered double hydroxides for supercapacitors

The search for new electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), especially for enhancing the specific capacity and cycling stability of anodes, is of great significance for the development of new energy conversion and storage materials. Here, a new type of titanium nitride composite anode (TiN@C) coated with 2D carbon nanosheets was prepared for the first time using a rationally designed topochemical conversion approach of interface-confinement. Subsequently, the electrochemical performance and Na+ storage mechanism of TiN@C as an anode for SIBs was investigated. The quantum-dot-sized TiN anodes exhibited shorter ionic transport pathways, while the 2D ultrathin carbon nanosheets reinforced the structural stability of the composite and provided a high electron transformation rate. As a result, the TiN/C composite anode can deliver a high reversible capacity of 170 mA h g-1 and 149 mA h g-1 after 5000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 and 1 A g-1, indicating excellent electrochemical properties. This work provides new opportunities to explore the convenient and controllable preparation of metal nitride anodes for other energy conversion and storage applications.

Titanium nitride as a promising sodium-ion battery anode: interface-confined preparation and electrochemical investigation.

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Titanium nitride as a promising sodium-ion battery anode: interface-confined preparation and electrochemical investigation.