In linear IC's fabricated in a low-voltage CMOS technology, the reduction of the dynamic range due to the dc offset and low frequency noise of the amplifiers becomes increasingly significant. Also, the achievable amplifier gain is often quite low in such a technology, since cascoding may not be a practical circuit option due to the resulting reduction of the output signal swing. In this paper, some old and some new circuit techniques are described for the compensation of the amplifier's most important nonideal effects including the noise (mainly thermal and 1/f noise), the input-referred dc offset voltage as well as the finite gain resulting in a nonideal virtual ground at the input.

Circuit techniques for reducing the effects of op-amp imperfections: autozeroing, correlated double sampling, and chopper stabilization

A pair of complementary strays-insensitive switched-capacitor (SC) integrator circuits are analyzed to determine the errors in their transfer functions due to the finite gain and finite bandwidth of the op amp. The results are used to predict the transfer function deviation of biquadratic filter sections and LC ladder simulations. It is shown that while the effect of finite op amp gain is similar to that encountered in active-RC filters, SC filters are much more tolerant of the finite op amp bandwidth. However, the relationship between transfer function error and finite op amp bandwidth is an exponential one as contrasted to the linear relationship of active-R C filters. Experimental results are presented.

Effects of the op amp finite gain and bandwidth on the performance of switched-capacitor filters

The conception of the CNN universal machine has led quite naturally to the invention of the analogic CNN bionic eye (henceforth referred to simply as the bionic eye). the basic idea is to combine the elementary functions, the building blocks, of the retina and other 2 1/2 D sensory organs, algorithmically, in a stored programme of a CNN universal machine, through the use of artificial analogic programmes. the term bionic is defined in a rigorous way: it is a nonlinear, dynamic, spatiotemporal biological model implemented in a stored programme electronic (optoelectronic) device; this device is in our case the analogic CNN universal machine (or chip).

The aim of this paper is to report on this new invention, particularly to electronic and computer engineers, in a tutorial way.

We begin by summarizing (1) the biological aspects of the range of retinal function (the retinal universe), (2) the CNN paradigm and the CNN universal machine architecture and (3) the general principles of retinal modelling in CNN. Next we describe new CNN circuit and template design innovations that can be used to implement physiological functions in the retina and other sensory organs using the CNN universal machine. Finally we show how to combine given retinal functional elements implemented in the CNN universal machine with analogic algorithms to form the bionic retina. the resulting system can be used not only for simulating biological retinal function but also for generating functions that go far beyond biological capabilities. Several bionic retina functions, different topographic modalities and analogic CNN algorithms can then be combined to form the analogic CNN bionic eye. the qualitative aspects of the models, especially the range of dynamics and accuracy considerations in VLSI optoelectronic implementations, are outlined. Finally, application areas of the bionic eye and possibilities of constructing innovative devices based on this invention (such as the bionic eyeglass or the visual mouse) are described.

The analogic cellular neural network as a bionic eye

Frequency translation and applications of same are described herein, including wireless local area network (WLAN) applications such as IEEE Standard 802.11 WLANs. Such applications include, but are not limited to, frequency down-conversion, frequency up-conversion, enhanced signal reception, unified down-conversion and filtering, and combinations and applications of same.

Wireless local area network (WLAN) technology and applications including techniques of universal frequency translation

A wide variety of voltage mixers and samplers are implemented with similar circuits employing switches, resistors, and capacitors. Restrictions on duty cycle, bandwidth, or output frequency are commonly used to obtain an analytical expression for the response of these circuits. This paper derives unified expressions without these restrictions. To this end, the circuits are decomposed into a polyphase multipath combination of single-ended or differential switched-series-RC kernels. Linear periodically time-variant network theory is used to find the harmonic transfer functions of the kernels and the effect of polyphase multipath combining. From the resulting transfer functions, the conversion gain, output noise, and noise figure can be calculated for arbitrary duty cycle, bandwidth, and output frequency. Applied to a circuit, the equations provide a mathematical basis for a clear distinction between a “mixing” and a “sampling” operating region while also covering the design space “in between.” Circuit simulations and a comparison with mixers published in literature are performed to support the analysis.

/pdf/unified-frequency-domain-analysis-of-switched-series-rc-1gn625ruc3.pdf

Unified Frequency-Domain Analysis of Switched-Series- $RC$ Passive Mixers and Samplers

In this paper, various formulation techniques for analyzing switched-capacitor circuits have been described and compared. Some basic pcoperties of the time-, z-, and frequency-domain solutions have been presented. Analysis techniques for handling nonideal op-amps, switch resistances, and noise and distortion effects are discussed. Methods for sensitivity analysis have been briefly mentioned and, finally, an overview of computer-aided analysis techniques has been given.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31328/01456970.pdf

A tutorial on computer-aided analysis of switched-capacitor circuits

An equivalent circuit approach to the computer-aided analysis of switched capacitor circuits is described. The exact transfer functions of the circuits under continuous inputs are computed via the simulation of an equivalent circuit in the z domain. Several switched capacitor filter circuits are discussed and their simulated results are compared with measured data.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/31/23496/01084690.pdf

An equivalent circuit approach to the computer-aided analysis of switched capacitor circuits

Abstmct-III this paper a general formulation procedure and an exact analysis in the frequency domain for switched capacitor circuits with arbitrary inputs iuchuling dsoidal, sample-and-hold, and uoise, are presented. No topological and duty cycle constraints have been impused on the circuits. Transfer functions are derived explicitly in terms of circuit matrices. variuus special cases of practical interest are discussed in detail. Due to the simple form of the solutions much insight has been gained in understanding the working of switched capacitor circuits. lle results are numerically attractive and can be readily pqrammed for computer-aided design of large size circuits. A simple two-capxitor circuit has been used tlnmgbut the text for ihstration under various amditions.

Exact Analysis of Switched with Arbitrary Capacitor Circuits Imuts I

In this paper a general formulation procedure and an exact analysis in the frequency domain for switched capacitor circuits with arbitrary inputs including cisoidal, sample-and-hold, and noise, are presented. No topological and duty cycle constraints have been imposed on the circuits. Transfer functions are derived explicitly in terms of circuit matrices. Various special cases of practical interest are discussed in detail. Due to the simple form of the solutions much insight has been gained in understanding the working of switched capacitor circuits. The results are numerically attractive and can be readily programmed for computer-aided design of large size circuits. A simple two-capacitor circuit has been used throughout the text for illustration under various conditions.

Exact analysis of switched capacitor circuits with arbitrary inputs

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A tutorial on computer-aided analysis of switched-capacitor circuits

An equivalent circuit approach to the computer-aided analysis of switched capacitor circuits

Exact Analysis of Switched with Arbitrary Capacitor Circuits Imuts I

Exact analysis of switched capacitor circuits with arbitrary inputs