In the last 25 years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has advanced to be one of the most innovative and most successful translational optical imaging techniques, achieving substantial economic impact as well as clinical acceptance. This is largely owing to the resolution improvements by a factor of 10 to the submicron regime and to the imaging speed increase by more than half a million times to more than 5 million A-scans per second, with the latter one accomplished by the state-of-the-art swept source laser technologies that are reviewed in this article. In addition, parallelization of OCT detection, such as line-field and full-field OCT, has shortened the acquisition time even further by establishing quasi-akinetic scanning. Besides the technical improvements, several functional and contrast-enhancing OCT applications have been investigated, among which the label-free angiography shows great potential for future studies. Finally, various multimodal imaging modalities with OCT incorporated are reviewed, in that these multimodal implementations can synergistically compensate for the fundamental limitations of OCT when it is used alone.

/pdf/optical-coherence-tomography-today-speed-contrast-and-49xipxv43a.pdf

Optical coherence tomography today: speed, contrast, and multimodality.

Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique optically analogous to ultrasound that can generate depth-resolved images with micrometer-scale resolution. Advances in fiber optics and miniaturized actuation technologies allow OCT imaging of the human body and further expand OCT utilization in applications including but not limited to cardiology and gastroenterology. This review article provides an overview of current OCT development and its clinical utility in the gastrointestinal tract, including disease detection/differentiation and endoscopic therapy guidance, as well as a discussion of its future applications.

/pdf/optical-coherence-tomography-in-gastroenterology-a-review-4le7z01kyr.pdf

Optical coherence tomography in gastroenterology: a review and future outlook

Clinical multiphoton tomography based on femtosecond near infrared laser pulses for in vivo high-resolution skin imaging has been employed to thousands of volunteers and patients. Two-photon cellular autofluorescence and second harmonic generation of collagen can be detected with single-photon sensitivity and submicron spatial resolution. Also in vivo clinical CARS has been realized to image intratissue lipids and water. Novel developments focus on multimodal hybrid imaging to generate optical tissue biopsies with subcellular resolution, deep-tissue information, and chemical fingerprints. Wide-field imaging tools such as dermoscopes, optical coherence tomographs as well as ultrasound and photoacoustic devices can be integrated. The hybrid tomographs have the potential to trace cosmetics and pharmaceutical components such as sunscreen nanoparticles and anti-aging products in humans. Skin cancer such as malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma as well as dermatitis can be detected at an early stage and t...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/intv.21938

Hybrid multiphoton multimodal tomography of in vivo human skin

MEMS laser scanning enables the miniaturization of endoscopic catheters for advanced endomicroscopy such as confocal microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and many other laser scanning microscopy. These advanced biomedical imaging modalities open a great potential for in vivo optical biopsy without surgical excision. They have huge capabilities for detecting on-demand early stage cancer with non-invasiveness. In this article, the scanning arrangement, trajectory, and actuation mechanism of endoscopic microscanners and their endomicroscopic applications will be overviewed.

/pdf/microscanners-for-optical-endomicroscopic-applications-2we8cytecp.pdf

Microscanners for optical endomicroscopic applications

We report recent advances in ultrathin fiber-optic endomicroscopy technology with significant improvements on resolution and signal collection. Ex vivo and in vivo two-photon imaging of unstained biological tissues and potential clinical applications will be presented.

Scanning nonlinear endomicroscopy technology for intrinsic imaging of biological tissues

A scanning fiber-optic endomicroscope with enhanced signal collection efficiency was developed for intrinsic two-photon fluorescence imaging of epithelial tissue. Ex vivo two-photon autofluorescence imaging were demonstrated for the first time from both epithelium and stroma of various biological tissues with such a flexible fiber-optic endomicroscope.

Nonlinear endomicroscopy for two-photon autofluorescence imaging of biological tissues

We report an all-fiber-optic scanning, multimodal endomicroscope capable of simultaneous optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging. Both imaging modalities share the same miniature fiber-optic scanning endomicroscope, which consists of a double-clad fiber with a core operating in single mode at both the OCT (1310 nm) and two-photon excitation (1550 nm) wavelengths, a piezoelectric two-dimensional fiber-optic beam scanner, and a miniature aspherical compound lens suitable for simultaneous acquisition of en face OCT and TPF images. A fiber-optic wavelength division multiplexer was employed in the integrated platform to combine the low coherence OCT light source and the femtosecond two-photon excitation laser into the same optical path. Preliminary imaging results of cell cultures and mouse tissue ex vivo demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous real-time OCT and TPF imaging in a scanning endomicroscopy setting for the first time.

/pdf/integrated-multimodal-endomicroscopy-platform-for-17ryzcd1rb.pdf

Integrated multimodal endomicroscopy platform for simultaneous en face optical coherence and two-photon fluorescence imaging

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Scanning nonlinear endomicroscopy technology for intrinsic imaging of biological tissues

Nonlinear endomicroscopy for two-photon autofluorescence imaging of biological tissues

Integrated multimodal endomicroscopy platform for simultaneous en face optical coherence and two-photon fluorescence imaging