The wide distribution of crustaceans from freshwater through brackish into marine waters and from salt marshes to terrestrial zones shows the exceptional capacities of this animal group to cope with salinity changes Osmoregulation is the main physiological mechanism that maintains the hydromineral homeostasis of these animals The difference of osmoregulation capacities between an osmoconformer and an osmoregulator species is mainly explained by anisosmotic extracellular regulation (AER) and/or isosmotic intracellular regulation (IIR) This review will also discuss the particular acquisition of specific osmoregulation capacities in crustaceans from the first embryonic stages to the adult Several findings revealed that gills and antennal glands are the primordial hydromineral regulation tissues, and they present the same structure and function in all crustaceans, except in shrimps These tissues contain ionocytes that harbor membrane pumps implicated in ion regulation Na+/K+-ATPase, the major of these membrane proteins, acts upon rapid ionic changes, usually in cooperation with several other membrane pumps Also some proteins, belonging to the detoxification and antioxidant systems, seem implicated in the regulation mechanisms after salinity change This review will resume and discuss the current knowledge on salinity regulation in this large and important animal group

Homeostatic responses of crustaceans to salinity changes

The values of physiological indices and the enzymes activities involved in the overwintering stage were studied in D. armandi larvae in each month from October 2014 to March 2015. The sorbitol, trehalose and glycerol values initially tended to increase as the ambient temperature decreased, before declining until the end of the winter. The activities of four enzymes (SOD, CAT, LDH and AchE) decreased, whereas POD, PK and MDH showed opposite trends in activity. Other enzyme activities (those of TPS, SDH and GLK) were low during the overwintering period and later increased and stabilized during spring. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genes of SDH, TPS and GLK was utilized to identify DarmSDH, DarmTPS and DarmGLK in D. armandi. They were found to be abundantly expressed during the overwintering stage by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses; by contrast, these three genes showed higher expression levels in December 2014 than in May 2015. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the reduction of mRNA expression levels was significant in DarmSDH-, DarmTPS- and DarmGLK-dsRNA-treated D. armandi compared with water-injected and non-injected controls. The mortality responses at low temperature were also increased in the dsRNA-treated D. armandi compared with the controls.

/pdf/cold-tolerance-and-silencing-of-three-cold-tolerance-genes-1u9p56gjsj.pdf

Cold tolerance and silencing of three cold-tolerance genes of overwintering Chinese white pine larvae.

Background: Tissue engineering is an available treatment for large bone defects. The therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) are mostly attributed to secretion of many cytokines and growth factors. Many factors of MSC secretions accumulate in a conditioned medium and these factors recruit native cells into a defect site to generate new bone tissues. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of adipose tissue derived MSCs-conditioned medium (ADMSC-CM) on bone repair of rats with critical - size calvarial defect. Methods: This experimental study was performed at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, from 2016 to 2017. Conditioned medium was collected from healthy rat adipose tissue derived MSC (ADMSC) at passage four. Calvarial bone defect was created in hypothyroid rats using a dental bur. Sampling was taken by the linear-mono-gram method to determine sample size (n = 6 per group). The rats were divided randomly into four groups based on graft material as follows: empty defect, scaffold (Bio-Oss / type I collagen gel), scaffold / ADMSCs, scaffold /ADMSC- CM. Evaluations were made at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery using stereological analysis. Results: Histological analysis at 8 weeks indicated that the newly regenerated tissue almost covered the defect in the ADMSC-CM group. Stereological analysis showed that ADMSC-CM increased regenerated bone and numbers of osteocytes and osteoblasts compared with the defect and scaffold groups (P < 0.05). Also, bone regeneration was more effective in animals treated with ADMSC-CM than in those received ADMSC. Conclusions: These results suggest an important role for ADMSC-CM in bone regeneration, through trophic impact of its cytokines and growth factors that induce native cell proliferation and migration into the defect. Thus, ADMSC-CM seems to have good potential for application in bone tissue regeneration, in the cases of hypothyroidism.

Adipose Derived Stem Cells Conditioned Media in Combination with Bioceramic-Collagen Scaffolds Improved Calvarial Bone Healing in Hypothyroid Rats

Transcriptomic analysis of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana across a wide range of salinities

Transcriptome analysis reveals heat tolerance of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults

Glycogen serves as a metabolic reserve and is involved in macromolecular synthesis. Glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) is a key enzyme involved in intracellular glycogen catabolism, catalyzing the first step in glycogen degradation. In the diapause, GPase catalyzes glycogen into the closely related molecule, sorbitol. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the GPase gene (2,790 bp) was isolated from Artemia sinica for the first time by rapid amplification of cDNA ends technology. The GPase gene encoded a protein of 853 amino acids belonging to the Glycosyltransferase GTB type superfamily. The expression pattern and location of GPase were investigated at various stages during the embryonic development of A. sinica using real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. High GPase expression was detected at the 0 and 5 h stages. Subsequently, expression declined and was maintained at a low level during the stages from 10 to 40 h following by a small increase at day 3. Expression was downregulated at temperatures ranging from 25 to 20 °C and was subsequently upregulated in the range 15–5 °C. In situ hybridization assays showed wide distribution of the GPase gene during different developmental stages. From the results of this study, we conclude that the GPase gene expression is stress-related and might play an important role in Artemia development and metabolism.

Cloning and expression patterns of the brine shrimp (Artemia sinica) glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) gene during development and in response to temperature stress.

Cloning and expression of the sorbitol dehydrogenase gene during embryonic development and temperature stress in Artemia sinica.

As-ClC (chloride channels protein from Artemia sinica), a member from the chloride channels protein family, is a α-helical membrane protein predicted to traverse the cell membrane 11 times. It is important for several physiological functions such as cell volume regulation, cell proliferation, growth and differentiation. In this paper, the complete cDNA sequence of As-CIC was cloned from A. sinica for the first time using RACE technology. The expression pattern and location of the As-CIC gene was investigated in different stages of the embryonic development by means of quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) assay. As-CLC was distributed throughout the whole body in cells of different embryonic development of A. sinica as shown by ISH. There was a low expression level of the As-ClC gene after 0 h and a higher expression level after 15 and 40 h when the embryo entered the next growth period and the environmental salinity changed. At adult stage, the As-ClC maintained a high expression level. The results of the real-time PCR assay showed an increasing trend of As-ClC transcripts with increasing salinity. The expression of As-ClC was higher in the control group (28) than in the experimental group except at a salinity of 200 PSU. It indicated that As-ClC functions as salinity-stress-related gene, probably participated in cell volume regulation and osmotic regulation during the early embryonic development of A. sinica.

Expression patterns of As-ClC gene of Artemia sinica in early development and under salinity stress

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Cloning and expression patterns of the brine shrimp (Artemia sinica) glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) gene during development and in response to temperature stress.

Cloning and expression of the sorbitol dehydrogenase gene during embryonic development and temperature stress in Artemia sinica.

Expression patterns of As-ClC gene of Artemia sinica in early development and under salinity stress