We experimentally investigate an optical clock based on $^{171}$Yb ($I=1/2$) atoms confined in an optical lattice. We have evaluated all known frequency shifts to the clock transition, including a density-dependent collision shift, with a fractional uncertainty of $3.4 \times 10^{-16}$, limited principally by uncertainty in the blackbody radiation Stark shift. We measured the absolute clock transition frequency relative to the NIST-F1 Cs fountain clock and find the frequency to be 518 295 836 590 865.2(0.7) Hz.

Spin-1/2 Optical Lattice Clock

Recoil-free as well as Doppler-free spectroscopy was demonstrated on the 1S0-3P1 transition of Sr atoms confined in a one-dimensional optical lattice. By investigating the wavelength and polarization dependence of the ac Stark shift acting on the 1S0 and 3P1(m(J)=0) states, we determined the wavelength where the Stark shifts for both states coincide. This Stark-free optical lattice, allowing the purturbation-free spectroscopy of trapped atoms, may keep neutral-atom based optical standards competitive with single-ion standards.

Recoil-Free Spectroscopy of Neutral Sr Atoms in the Lamb-Dicke Regime

Currently, the most accurate and stable clocks use optical interrogation of either a single ion or an ensemble of neutral atoms confined in an optical lattice. Here, we demonstrate a new optical clock system based on an array of individually trapped neutral atoms with single-atom readout, merging many of the benefits of ion and lattice clocks as well as creating a bridge to recently developed techniques in quantum simulation and computing with neutral atoms. We evaluate single-site resolved frequency shifts and short-term stability via self-comparison. Atom-by-atom feedback control enables direct experimental estimation of laser noise contributions. Results agree well with an ab initio Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates finite temperature, projective read-out, laser noise, and feedback dynamics. Our approach, based on a tweezer array, also suppresses interaction shifts while retaining a short dead time, all in a comparatively simple experimental setup. These results establish the foundations for a third optical clock platform suited to advance stationary and transportable clock systems, while providing a novel starting point for entanglement-enhanced metrology and quantum clock networks as well as applications in quantum computing and communication with individual neutral atoms requiring optical clock state control.

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevX.9.041052

An Atomic-Array Optical Clock with Single-Atom Readout

We demonstrate a single-beam atomic magnetometer (AM) capable of measuring a three-axis magnetic field with high-sensitivity, achieved by applying a small DC offset field and a high frequency modulation field. To satisfy the miniaturization demand of AMs, an elliptically polarized light detuned by 50 GHz from the resonance transition center is employed. The circularly polarized component is used to polarize the alkali-metal atoms, while the linearly polarized light is used to detect the dynamics of the polarized spin under a magnetic field. Based on theoretical analysis, parameters that significantly affect the performance are optimized, and a sensitivity of 20 fT/Hz1/2 in x-axis, 25 fT/Hz1/2 in y-axis, 30 fT/Hz1/2 in z-axis is achieved with a miniature 4 × 4 × 4 mm 87Rb vapor cell. Moreover, we also verify that the operation principle of AMs can be used to null background magnetic fields in-situ with isotropic compensation resolution of 6.7 pT, which provides an effectively precise method for zeroing ambient magnetic field. The high-sensitivity operating of an elliptically-polarized-laser-based magnetometer provides prospective futures for constructing a compact, low-cost AM, which is particularly applicable for non-invasive bio-magnetic imaging such as array-based magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetocardiography (MCG).

High-sensitivity operation of a single-beam atomic magnetometer for three-axis magnetic field measurement

Currently, the most accurate and stable clocks use optical interrogation of either a single ion or an ensemble of neutral atoms confined in an optical lattice. Here, we demonstrate a new optical clock system based on an array of individually trapped neutral atoms with single-atom readout, merging many of the benefits of ion and lattice clocks as well as creating a bridge to recently developed techniques in quantum simulation and computing with neutral atoms. We evaluate single-site resolved frequency shifts and short-term stability via self-comparison. Atom-by-atom feedback control enables direct experimental estimation of laser noise contributions. Results agree well with an ab initio Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates finite temperature, projective read-out, laser noise, and feedback dynamics. Our approach, based on a tweezer array, also suppresses interaction shifts while retaining a short dead time, all in a comparatively simple experimental setup suited for transportable operation. These results establish the foundations for a third optical clock platform and provide a novel starting point for entanglement-enhanced metrology, quantum clock networks, and applications in quantum computing and communication with individual neutral atoms that require optical clock state control.

An atomic array optical clock with single-atom readout

A three-axis atomic magnetometer for nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes (NMRGs) is demonstrated. To satisfy the miniaturization demand of NMRGs, a magnetic-resonance-based atomic magnetometer is used to detect the longitudinal magnetic field. Simultaneously, the longitudinal field is modulated to measure the magnetic field in x and y axes based on a nonlinear magneto-optical rotation magnetometer. Magnetic field sensitivities of 100 fT/Hz1/2 in x and y axes and 20 fT/Hz1/2 in the z axis are achieved. The bandwidths of this magnetometer are 96 Hz in x and y axes and 6 Hz in the z axis. A high-sensitivity three-axis magnetometer is essential to accomplish the rotation detection in NMRGs and also plays a vital role in optimizing the performance of gyroscopes.

Three-axis atomic magnetometer for nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes

An optical atomic clock with 171Yb atoms is devised and tested. By using a two-stage Doppler cooling technique, the 171Yb atoms are cooled down to a temperature of 6?3 ?K, which is close to the Doppler limit. Then, the cold 171Yb atoms are loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice with a wavelength of 759 nm in the Lamb?Dicke regime. Furthermore, these cold 171Yb atoms are excited from the ground-state 1S0 to the excited-state 3P0 by a clock laser with a wavelength of 578 nm. Finally, the 1S0?3P0 clock-transition spectrum of these 171Yb atoms is obtained by measuring the dependence of the population of the ground-state 1S0 upon the clock-laser detuning.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1056/22/9/090601/pdf

Clock-transition spectrum of 171 Yb atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice

Absolute frequency measurement of an Yb optical clock at the 10 -16 level using International Atomic Time

Study of Optical Clocks Based on Ultracold 171Yb Atoms

Experiments on trapping ytterbium atoms in various optical lattices are presented. After the two-stage cooling, first in a blue magneto—optical trap and then in a green magneto—optical trap, the ultracold 171Yb atoms are successfully loaded into one-, two-, and three-dimensional optical lattices operating at the Stark-free wavelength, respectively. The temperature, number, and lifetime of cold 171Yb atoms in one-dimensional lattice are measured. After optimization, the one-dimensional lattice with cold 171Yb atoms is used for developing an ytterbium optical clock.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1056/22/10/103701/pdf

Experiments on trapping ytterbium atoms in optical lattices

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