Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have been a hot research topic due to their facile synthesis, excellent optical and optoelectronic properties, and record-breaking efficiency of corresponding optoelectronic devices. Nowadays, the development of miniaturized high-performance photodetectors (PDs) has been fueling the demand for novel photoactive materials, among which low-dimensional MHPs have attracted burgeoning research interest. In this report, the synthesis, properties, photodetection performance, and stability of low-dimensional MHPs, including 0D, 1D, 2D layered and nonlayered nanostructures, as well as their heterostructures are reviewed. Recent advances in the synthesis approaches of low-dimensional MHPs are summarized and the key concepts for understanding the optical and optoelectronic properties related to the PD applications of low-dimensional MHPs are introduced. More importantly, recent progress in novel PDs based on low-dimensional MHPs is presented, and strategies for improving the performance and stability of perovskite PDs are highlighted. By discussing recent advances, strategies, and existing challenges, this progress report provides perspectives on low-dimensional MHP-based PDs in the future.

Low-Dimensional Metal Halide Perovskite Photodetectors.

Low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and spectra instability, the two most difficult challenges in blue-emitting CsPbBrxCl3−x NCs, have not yet been solved. Quickly controlling the reaction thermodynamics is crucial to enhance crystallinity, thus PLQY and spectra stability, but it has been ignored until now. An ultrafast thermodynamic control (UTC) strategy is designed by utilizing liquid nitrogen to instantaneously freeze the superior crystal lattices of CsPbBrxCl3−x NCs formed at high temperature. The average cooling rate exhibits a 33-fold increase compared to conventional ice-water cooling (from 1.5 to 50 K s−1). This UTC can make the reaction thermodynamic energy of the system lower than the threshold very quickly. Therefore, abrupt termination of further crystal growth can be achieved, which also avoids additional nucleation at low temperature. With the assist of defect passivation, the final blue-emitting CsPbBrxCl3−x NCs exhibit an absolute PLQY of 98%, representing the highest value in Pb-based blue perovskites to date. More importantly, they exhibit superior spectra instability. This UTC strategy not only represents a new avenue to synthesize perovskite NCs with excellent crystal quality and ultrahigh PLQY, but also provides a good reference to deal with the recognized bottleneck of spectra instability.

Ultrafast Thermodynamic Control for Stable and Efficient Mixed Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Metal halide perovskites have been studied in semiconductor fields such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells owing to their simple manufacturing, high optoelectronic performance, and low manufacturing cost. In this regard, spin-coating method facilitates the fabrication of perovskite devices. However, the spin-coating method for perovskite film deposition is difficult to finely control the thickness and form a uniform surface. Thus. the thermal evaporation method was proposed to overcome these shortcomings. This method provides better reproducibility and film quality than the spin-coating method. In this review, the spin-coating method and thermal evaporation method used to manufacture perovskite thin films will be explained. Moreover, the basic principles of perovskite devices (LEDs, solar cells, memory, X-ray detectors) are explained, and research on perovskite devices developed using thermal evaporation is summarized. 

Recent progress of perovskite devices fabricated using thermal evaporation method: Perspective and outlook

A crucial challenge is to develop an in situ passivation strategy for perovskite CsPbX 3 (CPX, X = Cl, Br, and I) quantum dots (QDs) to improve their stability in polar solvents and simultaneously maintaining their optical performance without using complicated organics. Here, we describe a facile method to significantly improve the stability of the CPX QDs via in situ crystallization with combined effects of 4-bromo-butyric acid (BBA) and oleylamine (OLA) in polar solvents and also propose a possible fundamental mechanism. Monodispersed CsPbBr 3 (CPB) QDs obtained in water show high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 86.4% and their PL features of CPB QDs have no significant change after being dispersed in water for 96 h，which implies that their structures are unchanged. The results provide a viable design strategy to synthesize all-inorganic perovskites CPX QDs with strong stability against the attack of polar solvents and shed more light on their surface chemistry.

4-Bromo-Butyric Acid-Assisted In Situ Passivation Strategy for Superstable All-Inorganic Halide Perovskite CsPbX3 Quantum Dots in Polar Media.

Chiral carbon dots (Ch‐CDs) trigger the full‐color circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) of CsPbX3 nanocrystals (NCs). Ch‐CDs‐CsPbBr3 NCs are successfully synthesized via simple ligand‐assisted coprecipitation of Ch‐CDs and metal halides precursors at room temperature. Ch‐CDs‐CsPbBr3 retains emission characteristics of the CsPbBr3 with near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield, and meanwhile has special CPL, with a maximum luminescence dissymmetric factor (glum) of −3.1 × 10−3, which is induced by Ch‐CDs. This is the first report of chiral perovskite which is induced by other chiral nanomaterials. By anion exchange, CPL can cover almost the entire visible light band. Surprisingly, the chiral signal of Ch‐CDs‐CsPbBr3 NCs is in‐versed under excitation state, which can be induced by the charge transfers between Ch‐CDs and perovskite NCs. The combination of perovskites and Ch‐CDs pave away for the design of new chiral perovskite on multifunctional applications.

Full‐Color Circularly Polarized Luminescence of CsPbX3 Nanocrystals Triggered by Chiral Carbon Dots

All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as attractive optoelectronic materials due to the excellent optical and electronic properties. However, their environmental stability, especially in the presence of water, is still a significant challenge for their further commercialization. Here, ultrahigh intrinsically water-stable all-inorganic quasi-2D CsPbBr3 nanosheets (NSs) via aqueous phase exfoliation method are reported. Compared to conventional perovskite NCs, these unique quasi-2D CsPbBr3 nanosheets present an outstanding long-term water stability with 87% photoluminescence (PL) intensity remaining after 168 h under water conditions. Moreover, the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of quasi-2D CsPbBr3 NSs is up to 82.3%, and these quasi-2D CsPbBr3 NSs also present good photostability of keeping 85% PL intensity after 2 h under 365 nm UV light. Evidently, such quasi-2D perovskite NSs will open up a new way to investigate the intrinsic stability of all-inorganic perovskites and further promote the commercial development of perovskite-based optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.

Aqueous Phase Exfoliating Quasi-2D CsPbBr3 Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Intrinsic Water Stability.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/smll.201970182

All-Inorganic Perovskites: Aqueous Phase Exfoliating Quasi-2D CsPbBr3 Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Intrinsic Water Stability (Small 34/2019)

Expression, purification of codon-optimized ochratoxin A nanobody-GST fusion protein and its one-step immunoassay for detection of OTA in cereal

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Aqueous Phase Exfoliating Quasi-2D CsPbBr3 Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Intrinsic Water Stability.

All-Inorganic Perovskites: Aqueous Phase Exfoliating Quasi-2D CsPbBr3 Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Intrinsic Water Stability (Small 34/2019)

Expression, purification of codon-optimized ochratoxin A nanobody-GST fusion protein and its one-step immunoassay for detection of OTA in cereal