Microbiologically influenced corrosion and current mitigation strategies: A state of the art review

From a technological point of view, measurement of the corrosion rate of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys is critical for lifetime predictions of Mg-based structures and for comparative assessments of their corrosion protection ability. Whilst weight loss, hydrogen evolution, and polarization curves methods are frequently used for measuring the corrosion rate, the determination of values by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is relatively scarce and has only been realized recently. This technique seems to be the most suitable for monitoring corrosion rate values due to its “non-destructive” character, its reproducibility, and its reliable determination of small corrosion rates, much lower than those measured by other techniques. This review aims to picture the state-of-the-art technique of using EIS for measuring the corrosion rate of Mg. This paper starts by introducing some fundamental aspects of the most widely used methods for monitoring the corrosion rate of Mg/Mg alloy and continues by briefly explaining some of the fundamental concepts surrounding EIS, which are essential for the user to be able to understand how to interpret the EIS spectra. Lastly, these concepts are applied, and different approaches that have been proposed to obtain quantitative values of corrosion rate since the 1990s are discussed.

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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for the Measurement of the Corrosion Rate of Magnesium Alloys: Brief Review and Challenges

Fungi and nematodes are among the most abundant organisms in soil habitats. They provide essential ecosystem services and play crucial roles for maintaining the stability of food-webs and for facilitating nutrient cycling. As two of the very abundant groups of organisms, fungi and nematodes interact with each other in multiple ways. Here in this review, we provide a broad framework of interactions between fungi and nematodes with an emphasis on those that impact crops and agriculture ecosystems. We describe the diversity and evolution of fungi that closely interact with nematodes, including food fungi for nematodes as well as fungi that feed on nematodes. Among the nematophagous fungi, those that produce specialized nematode-trapping devices are especially interesting, and a great deal is known about their diversity, evolution, and molecular mechanisms of interactions with nematodes. Some of the fungi and nematodes are significant pathogens and pests to crops. We summarize the ecological and molecular mechanisms identified so far that impact, either directly or indirectly, the interactions among phytopathogenic fungi, phytopathogenic nematodes, and crop plants. The potential applications of our understanding to controlling phytophagous nematodes and soilborne fungal pathogens in agricultural fields are discussed.

Fungi-Nematode Interactions: Diversity, Ecology, and Biocontrol Prospects in Agriculture

Protective properties of inhibitor-containing composite coatings on a Mg alloy

Microbially catalyzed corrosion of metals is a substantial economic concern. Aerobic microbes primarily enhance Fe0 oxidation through indirect mechanisms and their impact appears to be limited compared to anaerobic microbes. Several anaerobic mechanisms are known to accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Microbes can consume H2 abiotically generated from the oxidation of Fe0. Microbial H2 removal makes continued Fe0 oxidation more thermodynamically favorable. Extracellular hydrogenases further accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Organic electron shuttles such as flavins, phenazines, and possibly humic substances may replace H2 as the electron carrier between Fe0 and cells. Direct Fe0-to-microbe electron transfer is also possible. Which of these anaerobic mechanisms predominates in model pure culture isolates is typically poorly documented because of a lack of functional genetic studies. Microbial mechanisms for Fe0 oxidation may also apply to some other metals. An ultimate goal of microbial metal corrosion research is to develop molecular tools to diagnose the occurrence, mechanisms, and rates of metal corrosion to guide the implementation of the most effective mitigation strategies. A systems biology approach that includes innovative isolation and characterization methods, as well as functional genomic investigations, will be required in order to identify the diagnostic features to be gleaned from meta-omic analysis of corroding materials. A better understanding of microbial metal corrosion mechanisms is expected to lead to new corrosion mitigation strategies. The understanding of the corrosion microbiome is clearly in its infancy, but interdisciplinary electrochemical, microbiological, and molecular tools are available to make rapid progress in this field.

Microbial corrosion of metals: The corrosion microbiome

Effect of the fungus, Aspergillus niger, on the corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy in artificial seawater

The invention relates to a fresh water fungus strain Arthrobotrys nonseptata YMF1.01852 and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of microbial pesticides. The fresh water fungus strain Arthrobotrys nonseptata YMF1.01852 is preserved in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, Yard 1, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing City, China, on December 10, 2014, with an accession number of CGMCC No. 10115. The fresh water fungus strain Arthrobotrys nonseptata YMF1.01852 is applied to preparation of biological agents used for preventing and treating root-knot nematode and Caenorhabditis elegans. The invention has the following advantages: the biological agents prepared from the fresh water fungus strain Arthrobotrys nonseptata YMF1.01852 have the characteristic of obvious nematicidal effect on root-knot nematode and Caenorhabditis elegans and have good application and development prospects.

Fresh water fungus Arthrobotrys nonseptata and application thereof

The corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloys after 5 d immersion in artificial saliva solutions with and withou fluorine ion were studied by electrochemical methods. In addition, the morphologies of materials were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the presence of fluorine ion posed a serious threat for Ti-6Al-4V alloy in artificial saliva. Obvious increase in OCP was observed in solutions with fluorine ion compared with that without fluorine ion. The presence of fluorine ion was also associated with decreases in Rct and increase in icorr values, indicating the corrosion rate was clearly accelerated in the presence of fluorine ion. And it is clear that the corrosion increased with increasing the concentration of fluorine ion. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that pitting occurred on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after immersion in artificial saliva containing fluorine ion. The Ti-F complex was suggested as the viable pitting corrosion mechanism.

Effect of Fluorine Ion on the Corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Saliva

In soil, nematode-trapping fungi and bacteria often share microhabitats and interact with each other, but effects of fungus-associated bacteria on its trap formation are underestimated. We have ascertained the presence of Stenotrophomonas and Rhizobium genera associated with A. oligospora GJ-1. After A. oligospora GJ-1 without associated bacteria (cured Arthrobotrys) was co-cultivated with Stenotrophomonas and its supernatant extract, microscopic study of hyphae from co-cultivation indicated that bacterial biofilm formation on hyphae was related to trap formation in fungi and Stenotrophomonas supernatant extract. Four diketopiperazines (DKPs) were purified from Stenotrophomonas supernatant extract that could not induce traps in the cured Arthrobotrys. When cured Arthrobotrys was cultured with Stenotrophomonas and one of DKPs, polar attachment, bacterial biofilms on hyphae and trap formation in fungi were observed. After cured Arthrobotrys with bacterial biofilms was consecutively transferred several times on nutrient poor medium, trap formation disappeared with the disappearance of bacterial biofilms on hyphae. DKPs could facilitate chemotaxis of Stenotrophomonas towards fungal extract which was suggested to contribute to bacterial biofilms on hyphae. Furthermore, when cured Arthrobotrys was cultured with Stenotrophomonas and DKPs in soil, trap formation in fungi and bacterial biofilms on hyphae were also observed, and the fungal activity against nematode was enhanced.

Nematode-trapping fungi and fungus-associated bacteria interactions: the role of bacterial diketopiperazines and biofilms on Arthrobotrys oligospora surface in hyphal morphogenesis.

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Effect of the fungus, Aspergillus niger, on the corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy in artificial seawater

Fresh water fungus Arthrobotrys nonseptata and application thereof

Effect of Fluorine Ion on the Corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Saliva

Nematode-trapping fungi and fungus-associated bacteria interactions: the role of bacterial diketopiperazines and biofilms on Arthrobotrys oligospora surface in hyphal morphogenesis.