The development of reliable and longevous infrastructures and structural components is the key for the implementation of a hydrogen economy that is currently enjoying unprecedented political and research momentum due to the globally strong demand for clean energy. This is, however, strongly impeded by the risk and concerns of hydrogen embrittlement (or hydrogen-induced degradation in mechanical properties) that generally exists in almost all metallic materials. Structural components and materials operated in the hydrogen production-transport-storage-usage chain can be subjected to a very wide range of temperature, environmental and loading scenarios, which will essentially trigger different hydrogen embrittlement responses and even different embrittling mechanisms. It is thus important to have a systematic assessment and discussion of hydrogen embrittlement behavior of different materials at different testing conditions, which is the focus of the presented review. Here we cover the typical materials (mainly metallic materials) that have been used or planned to be used in the fields of hydrogen energy. We first briefly summarize the current understanding of fundamental hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms in metallic materials and the research progress in recent years. Then we analyze and discuss the hydrogen -induced damage phenomenon in typical materials used in the field of high-pressure hydrogen transport and storage. In addition to room-temperature hydrogen embrittlement behavior, the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon of some alloys at elevated and cryogenic temperatures is also reviewed, with the aim to provide some guidelines of material selection and design in developing fields such as hydrogen gas turbines and long-flight-duration hydrogen powered aircraft. Finally, the current challenges in the study of hydrogen embrittlement are identified and discussed to guide future research efforts. 

Current challenges in the utilization of hydrogen energy-a focused review on the issue of hydrogen-induced damage and embrittlement

For the hydrogen-blended natural gas pipelines, operating temperature has an impact on the interaction between hydrogen and pipeline steel, thus influencing the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) risk of the pipelines. The effects of temperature on the hydrogen diffusion and HE behaviors of X52 pipeline steel were studied through a combination of in-situ gaseous hydrogen permeation experiments, SSRT tests, fracture morphology analysis and TDS tests. The temperature dependences of hydrogen permeation kinetics and HE susceptibility were established. The results show that within the temperature range from 20 °C to 60 °C, the hydrogen diffusivity increased significantly with rising temperature and satisfied the Arrhenius relationship. The subsurface hydrogen concentration reduced with temperature, which was due to the fact that the hydrogen diffusion increased faster than hydrogen absorption during the experimental temperature range. In addition, the HE index calculated in the SSRT tests and fracture morphologies indicate that the HE sensitivity of X52 steel increased with temperature, which was related to the higher amount of hydrogen trapped in the steel at 60 °C from the TDS analysis. This study can provide reference for the material safety evaluation under various operating temperatures of the hydrogen-blended natural gas pipelines. 

Experimental study on the temperature dependence of gaseous hydrogen permeation and hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X52 pipeline steel

The addition of small amounts of certain gases, such as O2, CO, and SO2, may mitigate hydrogen embrittlement in high-pressure gas transmission pipelines that transport hydrogen. To practically implement such inhibition in gas transmission pipelines, a comprehensive understanding and quantification of this effect are essential. This review examines the impact of various added gases to hydrogen, including typical odorants, on gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of steels and evaluates their inhibition effectiveness. O2, CO, and SO2 were found to be effective inhibitors of hydrogen embrittlement. Yet, the results in the literature have not always been consistent, partly because of the diverse range of mechanical tests and their parameters. The absence of systematic studies hinders the evaluation of the feasibility of using gas phase inhibitors for controlling gaseous hydrogen embrittlement. A method to quantify the effectiveness of gas phase inhibition is proposed using gas phase permeation studies. 

A review of gas phase inhibition of gaseous hydrogen embrittlement in pipeline steels

Omega-3 fatty acids have gained attention due to numerous health benefits. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are long chain omega-3 fatty acids produced from precursor ALA (α-linolenic acid) in humans but their rate of biosynthesis is low, therefore, these must be present in diet or should be taken as supplements. The commercial sources of omega-3 fatty acids are limited to vegetable oils and marine sources. The rising concern about vegan source, fish aquaculture conservation and heavy metal contamination in fish has led to the search for their alternative source. Microalgae have gained importance due to the production of high-value EPA and DHA and can thus serve as a sustainable and promising source of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Although the bottleneck lies in the optimization for enhanced production that involves strategies viz. strain selection, optimization of cultivation conditions, media, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches; while co-cultivation, use of nanoparticles and strategic blending have emerged as innovative approaches that have made microalgae as potential candidates for EPA and DHA production. This review highlights the possible strategies for the enhancement of EPA and DHA production in microalgae. This will pave the way for their large-scale production for human health benefits.

Recent advances in enhancing the production of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in microalgae.

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) potentially occurs on pipe steels in hydrogen-blended natural gas environments, compromising integrity of the pipelines. The mechanistic aspect about the role of CO in hydrogen dissociative adsorption and steel has remained unknown. In this work, in-situ high-pressure gaseous hydrogen-charging and tensile experiments were conducted to investigate hydrogen atom entry and the resulting mechanical responses of an X52 pipe steel in the presence of CO. The density functional theory and first-principle molecular dynamics were used to reveal the effect of CO on hydrogen dissociative adsorption. A feasible solution to address the HE risk was proposed. 

Inhibiting effect of carbon monoxide on gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of pipelines transporting hydrogen

Hydrogen uptake induced by CO2 enhances hydrogen embrittlement of iron in hydrogen blended natural gas

Co-cultivation of Isochrysis galbana and Marinobacter sp. can enhance algal growth and docosahexaenoic acid production

Through adding nitro-based fuel additive into diesel fuel,the influences of additive on engine performance, gaseous emission, particle number concentration and exhaust smoke were studied on a test bench. Meanwhile, the functioning mechanism and combustion characteristics were studied through constant volume combustion vessel. The system is composed of high pressure common rail fuel injection system, high pressure constant volume combustion vessel, high speed camera, data synchronization and acquisition system. The maximum diesel injection pressure is 160 MPa, and it can be heated to 1000 K under the back pressure of 3 MPa.
According to the research results, adding fuel additive can decrease both exhaust smoke and exhaust temperature of engine for european steady state cycle(ESC). Moreover, The fuel additive improved the engine’s power slightly and expanded the economic fuel consumption working area. The minimum fuel consumption rate was reduced from 204.6g/kWh to 202.2g/kWh, and the highest fuel saving rate was about 2%. After adding MAZ, the mass of the recycled particles can be reduced by about 15%,and the average smoke intensity of most operating points showed a downward trend, with a maximum drop of 55%, the NOx weighted emissions of the whole cycle decreased by more than 2%. After adding nitro-based fuel additive, the ignition delay and flame lift-off length became longer in the combustion process, but the duration of combustion was shorter, which are in accordance with chemical reaction kinetics analysis.

https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2022/27/e3sconf_vesep2022_01035.pdf

Study on the effects of nitro-based fuel additive on diesel engine performance and emissions

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Hydrogen uptake induced by CO2 enhances hydrogen embrittlement of iron in hydrogen blended natural gas

Co-cultivation of Isochrysis galbana and Marinobacter sp. can enhance algal growth and docosahexaenoic acid production

Study on the effects of nitro-based fuel additive on diesel engine performance and emissions