The paper provides an overview of the potential use of humic substances (HS) derived from organic waste in transforming waste management practices. It discusses various types of organic waste, the production methods of HS, and their applications in agriculture, environmental remediation, and industry. The Perspective emphasizes the transformative potential of HS in reshaping organic waste management practices, highlighting improved soil fertility, mitigation of soil degradation, and immobilization of pollutants in soil and water systems. Additionally, it explores the economic viability of HS-based waste management and potential revenue streams from value-added products derived from HS. The paper also addresses environmental and regulatory considerations, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive regulatory frameworks, international policy and regulatory support, and continuous monitoring and evaluation of waste management practices. By integrating HS-based waste management into circular economy models, the paper suggests that it can contribute to resource conservation, nutrient recycling, and the development of a bio-based economy. Overall, the utilization of HS in organic waste management has the potential to revolutionize the field and contribute to sustainable resource recovery. The paper suggests that future research should continue to explore the quantifiable benefits of integrating HS into organic waste management, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and efficient waste management system. 

Transforming Organic Solid Waste Management: Embracing Humification for Sustainable Resource Recovery

Abstract Earthworm cultivation can effectively promote the resource utilization of agricultural waste. The efficient utilization of agricultural waste by earthworms mainly depends on the microbial communities in the guts. This study used silkworm excrement and cow manure as substrates for earthworm cultivation and investigated the associated bacterial communities during earthworms’ growth. The survival rate of earthworms remained above 89% after 21 days of feeding with the two substrates. Proteobacteria , Actinobacteria , and Firmicutes constituted the predominant bacterial communities in earthworm growth, accounting for over 81% of the relative abundance in both guts and vermicompost. The bacteria richness and diversity in the foregut and midgut of earthworm were lower than those in the hindgut. The prediction function of intestinal bacterial communities of earthworms cultured with two substrates mainly involved biosynthesis, decomposition and energy production. 

Cultivation of earthworms and analysis of associated bacterial communities during earthworms’ growth using two types of agricultural wastes

The application of organic additives is an efficient strategy to promote the vermicomposting of organic wastes. This study investigated the changes in earthworm growth, nutrients, enzyme activities, microbial composition, and seedling growth during 60 days of vermicomposting of white wine distillers' grains (WWDG) mixed (50:50, w/w) with green waste (GW), green waste compost (GWC), or cow dung (CD). Our data showed that GW, GWC, and CD addition significantly enhanced the survival rate (73.33%-89.17%), growth, and reproduction of earthworms compared to the control treatment. The degradation rate of TOC, the increasing rate of nutriments (total N, total P, total K, available P, available K, humic acid, NH4+, NO3-), and the germination index were significantly higher in the additive treatments than in the control treatment. Dehydrogenase, phosphatases, and urease activities were significantly elevated in the vermicompost amended with additives. The additives remarkably stimulated bacteria, such as Streptomyces, Steroidobacter, Bacillus, Luteibacter, and Rhodanobacter, etc., which were closely related to the biocontrol of phytopathogens and the decomposing recalcitrant substances. Moreover, additives significantly promoted the generation and growth parameters of tomato and lettuce seedlings when compared with the control. In summary, these results indicated that all three additives facilitated the vermicomposting of WWDG and improved the compost quality by enhancing earthworm and enzyme activities as well as altering compost bacterial community, especially when the GWC addition yields the best compost quality and shows strong potential for future application. This study developed a new method for improving WWDG utilization rate and it will promote organic waste recycling in China.

Evaluation of green waste, green waste compost and cow dung as amendments for white wine distillers' grains vermicomposting.

Comparative intestine microbiome dynamics of the earthworm Eisenia fetida cultivated in sewage sludge and peat

Harnessing Earthworms for Sustainable Waste Management: Insights into Vermicomposting

AbstractAerobic composting of rural food waste (FW) in China using a composting device results in a substantial financial burden on the government. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of mitigating this cost using vermicomposting of composted FW. The specific aims were to elucidate the effects of composted FW on earthworm growth and reproduction, reveal the changes in the physical and chemical properties of earthworm casts during vermicomposting, identify the microbial community structure associated with vermicomposting, and perform a financial analysis based on the yield of earthworms and earthworm casts. Mixing composted FW and mature cow dung in an equal ratio achieved the highest earthworm reproduction rate, where 100 adult earthworms produced 567 juvenile earthworms and 252 cocoons in 40 d. Earthworms reduce salt content of vermicomposting substrates by assimilating Na+ and promoting humification by transforming humin into humic and fulvic acid, thus producing earthworm casts with a high generation index > 80%. When composted FW was added to a vermicomposting substrate, a distinctive microbial community structure with alkaliphilic, halophilic, and lignocellulolytic microorganisms dominated the microflora. The dominant bacterial species was Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, and the dominant fungal species changed from Kernia nitida to Coprinopsis scobicola. Furthermore, microbial genes for refractory organic matter and fat degradation were observed in Vibrio cholerae, Kernia nitida, and Coprinopsis scobicola. Financial analysis showed that vermicomposting has the potential to reduce the cost associated with FW disposal from $ 57 to $ 18/t.

Reuse of composted rural food waste in China as vermicomposting substrate: Effects on earthworms, associated microorganisms, and economic benefits.

BACKGROUND
Limited evidence supports the efficacy of iron-rich foods (IRFs) in improving iron status during pregnancy.


OBJECTIVE
The study aims to evaluate the effect of IRFs on iron status and biomarkers of iron metabolism in the third trimester of pregnancy.


METHODS
A total of 240 pregnant women at 11-13 weeks' gestation without iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in South China were recruited to this single-blind clinical trial [non-IDA referred to both hemoglobin (Hb)≥110g/L and serum ferritin (SF)≥15ng/mL], randomly assigned to 1) Control, 2) IRFs containing 20 mg iron/day (IRF-20), or 3) IRFs containing 40 mg iron/day (IRF-40). The IRFs were consumed three days a week including pork liver, chicken/duck blood, soybean, and agaric. The IRFs started at recruitment and ended in the predelivery room. Primary outcome included anemia (Hb<110g/L), iron deficiency (ID, definition1: SF<15ng/mL; definition2: SF<12ng/mL), and IDA (ID and Hb<110g/L). Secondary outcome was plasma Hb and iron indices including SF, serum hepcidin, and iron.


RESULTS
All participants who completed the trial with full data (n = 170) were included in the analysis. At the end-line, both intervention groups showed lower ID and IDA rates than Control. Specifically, IRF-40 showed lower ID (SF<12ng/mL) rate than Control (9.0%vs.22.8%, P = 0.022). For IDA by definition1, the incidence in IRF-40 was lower than that in Control (1.9%vs.8.9%, P = 0.045). For IDA by definition2, the incidence in IRF-20 was lower than that in Control (3.9%vs.17.9%, P = 0.049). Moreover, IRF-20 showed higher SF levels than Control (P = 0.039). No effects of IRFs on anemia (P = 0.856), plasma Hb (P = 0.697), serum hepcidin (P = 0.311), and iron (P = 0.253) levels were observed. The assessed iron intakes were 22.2 mg/d in IRF-20 and 25.0 mg/d in IRF-40, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Antenatal IRFs reduce the risk of ID and IDA in late pregnancy, though the present results are inadequate to confirm an ideal dosage. (No.ChiCTR1800017574).

Antenatal Iron-Rich Food Intervention Prevents Iron-Deficiency Anemia But Does Not Affect Serum Hepcidin in Pregnant Women.

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Reuse of composted rural food waste in China as vermicomposting substrate: Effects on earthworms, associated microorganisms, and economic benefits.

Antenatal Iron-Rich Food Intervention Prevents Iron-Deficiency Anemia But Does Not Affect Serum Hepcidin in Pregnant Women.