From last few decades, piezoelectric materials have played a vital role as a mechanism of energy harvesting, as they have the tendency to absorb energy from the environment and transform it to electrical energy that can be used to drive electronic devices directly or indirectly. The power of electronic circuits has been cut down to nano or micro watts, which leads towards the development of self-designed piezoelectric transducers that can overcome power generation problems and can be self-powered. Moreover, piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) can reduce the need for batteries, resulting in optimization of the weight of structures. These mechanisms are of great interest for many researchers, as piezoelectric transducers are capable of generating electric voltage in response to thermal, electrical, mechanical and electromagnetic input. In this review paper, Fluid Structure Interaction-based, human-based, and vibration-based energy harvesting mechanisms were studied. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative analysis of existing PEH mechanisms has been carried out.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/7/1850/pdf

A Review on Mechanisms for Piezoelectric-Based Energy Harvesters

A review on ZnO-based piezoelectric nanogenerators: Synthesis, characterization techniques, performance enhancement and applications

A review of flow-induced vibration energy harvesters

Wind energy harvesting from a magnetically coupled piezoelectric bimorph cantilever array based on a dynamic magneto-piezo-elastic structure

Piezoelectric (PZT) components are one of the most popular elements in vibration sensing and also energy harvesting. They are very well established, cost effective and available in different geometries however there are still several challenges in their application particularly in vibration energy harvesting. They are normally narrow-band elements and work in high-frequency range. Their efficiency and power extraction density are also generally low compared with different electromagnetic techniques. Auxetic structures are proposed here to enhance efficiency of the piezoelectric circular patches in vibration energy harvesting. These kinds of patches namely PZT buzzers are inexpensive (less than 10 USD) elements and easily available. Two novel circular auxetic substrates are proposed to improve power extraction capacity of the conventional piezoelectric buzzers. Negative Poison’s ratio of the proposed meta-structure helps in efficiency enhancement. The concept is introduced, analyzed and verified through the finite element modeling and experimental testing. The idea is proved to work by comparing the harvested electrical power in the auxetic design against the conventional plain system. A parametric study is then carried out and effects of important electrical and geometrical parameters as well as the material property on the power extraction efficiency are assessed to arrive at optimum parameters. It is shown that by employing the auxetic design, a remarkable improvement in the harvested power is achievable. It is shown that for the two proposed auxetic designs, at the resonance frequency, we could reach to 10.2 and 13.3 magnification factor with respect to the plain energy harvester. Another important feature is that the resonant frequency in these new designs is very much lower than the conventional resonators. Results of this study can open a new path to application of inexpensive PZT buzzers in large-scale vibration energy harvesting.

/pdf/study-in-circular-auxetic-structures-for-efficiency-39nc1oe37w.pdf

Study in circular auxetic structures for efficiency enhancement in piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting.

Energy harvesting performance of unimorph piezoelectric cantilever generator using interdigitated electrode lead zirconate titanate laminate

Horizontally assembled trapezoidal piezoelectric cantilevers driven by magnetic coupling were fabricated for rotational energy harvester applications A dodecagonal rigid frame with an attached array of six trapezoidal cantilevers served as a stator for electrical power generation A rotor disk with six permanent magnets (PMs) interacted magnetically with the counterpart cantilever’s tip-mass PMs of the stator by rotational motion Each trapezoidal piezoelectric cantilever beam was designed to operate in a transverse mode that utilizes a planar Ag/Pd electrode printed onto lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric thick film The optimized distance between a pair of PMs of the rotor and the stator was evaluated as approximately 10 mm along the same vertical direction to make the piezoelectric cantilever beam most deflectable without the occurrence of cracks The theoretically calculated resistance torque was maximized at 46 mN·m for the optimized trapezoidal piezoelectric cantilever The proposed energy harvester was also demonstrated for wind energy harvester applications Its harvested output power reached a maximum of approximately 22 mW at a wind speed of 10 m/s under a resistive load of 30 kΩ The output performance of the proposed energy harvester makes it possible to power numerous low-power applications such as smart sensor systems

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/2/498/pdf

Horizontally Assembled Trapezoidal Piezoelectric Cantilevers Driven by Magnetic Coupling for Rotational Energy Harvester Applications

Interdigitated electrode (IDE) unimorph piezoelectric cantilever generators (UPCGs) were fabricated and their energy harvesting characteristics were investigated. A hard lead zirconate titanate (PZT) material with a high mechanical quality factor (Q m) of 1280 was used for the active piezoelectric film of the IDE UPCGs. Two different laminated IDE UPCGs were prepared; one has Ag/Pd interdigitated electrode (IDE) formed only on the top and bottom PZT sheets (D-IDE), while the other has Ag/Pd IDE on all of the PZT sheets (M-IDE). Cofiring was conducted at 1050 °C for 2 h for PZT laminates with IDEs. The fabricated IDE UPCGs exhibited power densities of 50.4 µW/cm3 for the D-IDE and 820 µW/cm3 for the M-IDE. The UPCG with the M-IDE exhibited a higher performance than that with the D-IDE. Specifically, a significantly enhanced normalized power factor of 670 µW/(g2cm3) was found at 118 Hz across 100 kΩ.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.7567/JJAP.56.127101/pdf

Fabrication and energy harvesting characteristics of unimorph piezoelectric cantilever generators with interdigitated electrode lead zirconate titanate laminates

Characteristics and Fabrication of Multi-layered Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuators for Speaker Application

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