The rise of antibiotic resistance has become a major threat to human health and it is spreading globally. It can cause common infectious diseases to be difficult to treat and leads to higher medical costs and increased mortality. Hence, multifunctional polymeric nanofibers with distinctive structures and unique physiochemical properties have emerged as a neo-tool to target biofilm and overcome deadly bacterial infections. This review emphasizes electrospun nanofibers' design criteria and properties that can be utilized to enhance their therapeutic activity for antimicrobial therapy. Also, we present recent progress in designing the surface functionalization of antimicrobial nanofibers with non-antibiotic agents for effective antibacterial therapy. Lastly, we discuss the future trends and remaining challenges for polymeric nanofibers.

Functionalized Antimicrobial Nanofibers: Design Criteria and Recent Advances.

Many infections are associated with the use of implantable medical devices. The excessive utilization of antibiotic treatment has resulted in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, scientists have recently focused on conceiving new ways for treating infections with a longer duration of action and minimum environmental toxicity. One approach in infection control is based on the development of antimicrobial coatings based on polymers and antimicrobial peptides, also termed as “natural antibiotics”.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/8/1611/pdf?version=1650251590

Polymeric Coatings and Antimicrobial Peptides as Efficient Systems for Treating Implantable Medical Devices Associated-Infections

Electrospun nanofiber membranes (NFMs) have high porosity and a large specific surface area, which provide a suitable environment for the complex and dynamic wound healing process and a large number of sites for carrying wound healing factors. Further, the design of the nanofiber structure can imitate the structure of the human dermis, similar to the natural extracellular matrix, which better promotes the hemostasis, anti-inflammatory and healing of wounds. Therefore, it has been widely studied in the field of wound dressing. This review article overviews the development of electrospinning technology and the application of electrospun nanofibers in wound dressings. It begins with an introduction to the history, working principles, and transformation of electrospinning, with a focus on the selection of electrospun nanofiber materials, incorporation of functional therapeutic factors, and structural design of nanofibers and nanofiber membranes. Moreover, the wide application of electrospun NFMs containing therapeutic factors in wound healing is classified based on their special functions, such as hemostasis, antibacterial and cell proliferation promotion. This article also highlights the structural design of electrospun nanofibers in wound dressing, including porous structures, bead structures, core-shell structures, ordered structures, and multilayer nanofiber membrane structures. Finally, their advantages and limitations are discussed, and the challenges faced in their application for wound dressings are analyzed to promote further research in this field.

Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes with Various Structures for Wound Dressing.

Bacterial contamination of drinking water is becoming a major issue for increasing populations around the world. Current water treatment technologies based on chlorination are effective but generate toxic disinfection by-products. In this study, antibacterial electrospun chitosan-PEO/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose composite was tested for the first time for the deactivation of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria and their removal by filtration from aqueous solution. Results of the disk diffusion method, confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy show that both bactericidal and bacteriostatic behavior against both bacteria depend on the content and mobility of protonated amino groups. It was also found that these properties are enhanced when the biocomposite is doped with copper ions. Filtration tests in a dead-end stainless-steel cell show that both bacteria are completely removed from aqueous solutions (> 95% during the first filtration and 100% after subsequent filtrations). Finally, the composites tested can be used up to three times without significant loss of permeability. However, it was CS-PEO/TOC Cu2+ bio-based composite which displayed the slightest reduction in permeability (2.20%) after three filtrations.

Antibacterial electrospun chitosan-PEO/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose composite for water filtration

The advances in nanocomposites incorporating bioactive substances have the potential to transform the food packaging sector. Different nanofillers have been incorporated into polymeric matrixes to develop nanocomposite materials with improved mechanical, thermal, optical and barrier properties. Nanoclays, nanosilica, carbon nanotubes, nanocellulose, and chitosan/chitin nanoparticles have been successfully included into polymeric films, resulting in packaging materials with advanced characteristics. Nanostructured antimicrobial films have promising applications as active packaging in the food industry. Nanocomposite films containing antimicrobial substances such as essential oils, bacteriocins, antimicrobial enzymes, or metallic nanoparticles have been developed. These active nanocomposites are useful packaging materials to enhance food safety. Nanocomposites are promising materials for use in food packaging applications as practical and safe substitutes to the traditional packaging plastics.

Nanocomposites and their application in antimicrobial packaging

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a new class of promising antibacterial agents. We prepared electrospinning chitosan (CS)-polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofiber membranes containing different concentrations of an antibacterial peptide NP10. The average diameter of nanofibers increased with the total concentration of NP10. The FTIR shows that all the peaks of CS -PEO nanofiber membranes with different concentrations of NP10 were almost the same as those of pure CS -PEO nanofiber membranes，and only the peak intensity changes. Adding NP10 can improve the thermal stability of CS-PEO nanofiber membranes. In the in vitro release experiment, NP10 was released from the CS-PEO-0.5%NP10 nanofiber membrane in a burst first and then slowly and continuously. Simultaneously, the CS-PEO-NP10 nanofiber membrane had good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus and good biocompatibility. In animal wound healing experiments, CS-PEO-0.5%NP10 nanofiber membrane had advantages over gauze and CS-PEO nanofiber membrane in wound healing. These properties may provide a choice for the clinical application of AMPs and treatment of wound infections.

/pdf/an-antimicrobial-peptide-loaded-chitosan-polyethylene-oxide-3tmge9r9rp.pdf

An Antimicrobial Peptide-Loaded Chitosan/Polyethylene Oxide Nanofibrous Membrane Fabricated by Electrospinning Technology

Modified percutaneous kyphoplasty with better cement diffusion and improved biomechanics.

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An Antimicrobial Peptide-Loaded Chitosan/Polyethylene Oxide Nanofibrous Membrane Fabricated by Electrospinning Technology

Modified percutaneous kyphoplasty with better cement diffusion and improved biomechanics.