Endophytic fungi have been studied in recent decades to understand how they interact with their hosts, the types of relationships they establish, and the potential effects of this interaction. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are isolated from healthy plants and form melanised structures in the roots, including inter- and intracellular hyphae and microsclerotia, causing low host specificity and covering a wide geographic range. Many studies have revealed beneficial relationships between DSE and their hosts, such as enhanced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Furthermore, in recent decades, studies have revealed the ability of DSE to mitigate the negative effects of crop diseases, thereby highlighting DSE as potential biocontrol agents of plant diseases (BCAs). Given the importance of these fungi in nature, this article is a review of the role of DSE as BCAs. The findings of increasing numbers of studies on these fungi and their relationships with their plant hosts are also discussed to enable their use as a tool for the integrated management of crop diseases and pests.

Advances in the Role of Dark Septate Endophytes in the Plant Resistance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses.

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Plant association with dark septate endophytes: When the going gets tough (and stressful), the tough fungi get going.

Despite desert ecosystem being crucial to our understanding of natural geography, species evolution and global climate change, there is limited information on the dynamics of their composition and the diversity of endophytic fungi communities driven by plant identity and organ differentiation. Here, an extensive investigation of endophytic fungal microbiome in root, stem, and leaf organs associated with five xerophyte shrubs in an extremely arid desert, Northwest China, were examined. The fungal community dominated by Dothideomycetes and Pleosporales. Shrub species strongly drive the niche-based processes of endophytic fungi across the root, stem and leaf compartments. The diversity and composition of endophytic fungi in stem showed higher variability among plant species than leaf and root. The fungal communities in root libraries were more diverse and exhibited a remarkable differentiation of community composition. We further demonstrated the significant host preferences and tissue specificity of desert endophytic fungi, and unique specific taxa were also observed. The co-occurrence network revealed the coexistence of fungal endophytes in arid desert, and the root fungal network harbored the highest interspecies connectivity. Members of Pleosporales were the most common keystone species in the root fungal network. This is the first report of mycobiota in both plant species and organ differentiation in an extremely arid desert ecosystem.

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Fungal Endophytic Community and Diversity Associated with Desert Shrubs Driven by Plant Identity and Organ Differentiation in Extremely Arid Desert Ecosystem.

Microorganisms play an important role in plant growth and development. In particular, endophytic fungi is one of the important kinds of microorganisms and has a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with host plants. Endophytic fungi have many substantial benefits to host plants, especially for woody plants, such as accelerating plant growth, enhancing stress resistance, promoting nutrient absorption, resisting pathogens and etc. However, the effects of endophytic fungi on the growth and development of woody plants have not been systematically summarized. In this review, the functions of endophytic fungi for the growth and development of woody plants have been mainly reviewed, including regulating plant growth (e.g., flowering, root elongation, etc.) by producing nutrients and plant hormones, and improving plant disease, insect resistance and heavy metal resistance by producing secondary metabolites. In addition, the diversity of endophytic fungi could improve the ability of woody plants to adapt to adverse environment. The components produced by endophytic fungi have excellent potential for the growth and development of woody plants. This review has systematically discussed the potential regulation mechanism of endophytic fungi regulating the growth and development of woody plants, it would be of great significance for the development and utilization of endophytic fungi resource from woody plants for the protection of forest resources.

Insight of endophytic fungi promoting the growth and development of woody plants.

Drought stress profoundly affects native desert plants’ survival and performance. Among all the abiotic stresses, drought is considered a major constraint that influences the structure and functions of desert ecosystems. Arid desert ecosystems are characterized by prolonged drought, extreme temperatures, high solar radiation, water scarcity, high salinity, scarcity of soil nutrients, and poor soil structure. Such extreme desert environments are the toughest regions on earth, which present enormous challenges in conserving plant survival, growth and reproduction. Despite the predominance of these environmental conditions, native desert plant species that grow in desert environments develop complex adaptation strategies and resistance mechanisms to ameliorate the abiotic and biotic stresses in the extreme environments including changes in biochemical, physiological, and morphological levels. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form positive symbiotic associations with a considerable percentage of terrestrial plants as their host, induce distinct impacts on plant growth and protect plants from abiotic stresses. However, it is necessary to advance our understanding of the complex mechanisms associated with AMF-mediated and other dark septate endophytes (DSE)-mediated amelioration of native desert plants’ drought stress resistance and associated biological adjustments such as changes in hormone balance, water and nutrient status, stomatal conductance and osmotic adjustment, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic activity. This review provides an overview of the relationships of mycorrhiza and fungal endophytes involved in drought stress tolerance, summarizing the current knowledge and presenting possible mechanisms mediated by AMF to stimulate drought tolerance associated with native desert plants. We discuss the research required to fill the gaps and provide suggestions for future research.

/pdf/the-function-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-associated-with-2bcjdvjg.pdf

The Function of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Drought Stress Resistance in Native Plants of Arid Desert Ecosystems: A Review

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13199-021-00813-0.pdf

Growth-promoting effects of dark septate endophytes on the non-mycorrhizal plant Isatis indigotica under different water conditions

Plant identity and soil variables shift the colonisation and species composition of dark septate endophytes associated with medicinal plants in a northern farmland in China

Despite the abundance of studies on the interactions between dark septate endophytes (DSEs) and host plants, little is known about the effects elicited by different DSE species and inoculum levels, especially in desert plants. Here, we examined the colonization status and species composition of DSEs in roots of Hedysarum scoparium, a xerophyte plant endemic to arid desert, northwest China. Subsequently, we assessed the performance of host plants inoculated with Paraphoma chlamydocopiosa and Alternaria doliconidium under different inoculum levels. DSE colonization was characterized by spatial and interannual variability, and hyphal colonization was dominant (17.2%–76.7%). Alternaria doliconidium, Edenia gomezpompae, Paraphoma pye, Subramaniula flavipila and Herpotrichia striatispora are reported here in desert ecosystems for the first time. Both P. chlamydocopiosa and A. doliconidium established positive symbiosis with H. scoparium, however, the growth-promoting effects differed significantly depending on the DSE species and inoculum level (P < 0.05). Specifically, P. chlamydocopiosa promoted plant height and shoot biomass, whereas A. doliconidium enhanced stem branching and total biomass. The greatest benefits associated with DSEs occurred at 20-mL inoculum level. Variance partitioning analysis indicated inoculum level explained 13.7% of variation in plant growth, while substrate properties and enzymatic activity explained respectively 38.0% and 12.2% of variation in DSE–host associations. Total root length and root surface area were significantly correlated with substrate pH and phosphorus, whereas root diameter was affected by organic carbon and phosphatase. These data provide basis for evaluating the potential application of DSEs for vegetation restoration in arid ecosystems.

Colonization by dark septate endophytes improves the growth of Hedysarum scoparium under multiple inoculum levels

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Growth-promoting effects of dark septate endophytes on the non-mycorrhizal plant Isatis indigotica under different water conditions

Plant identity and soil variables shift the colonisation and species composition of dark septate endophytes associated with medicinal plants in a northern farmland in China

Colonization by dark septate endophytes improves the growth of Hedysarum scoparium under multiple inoculum levels