Applications of Supramolecular Anion Recognition

This critical review covers advances in anion complexation chemistry related to receptors based on organic frameworks in the years 2005–2006. The review covers anion receptors that employ amides and thioamides, pyrroles and indoles, ureas and thioureas, ammonium, guanidinium, imidazolium, and receptors containing hydroxyl groups. There is a discussion of anion templated assembly, followed by a short section outlining modelling studies of these systems. (226 references.)

Anion receptors based on organic frameworks: highlights from 2005 and 2006

Quercetin: A flavonol with multifaceted therapeutic applications?

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ∼23 nt RNAs that play important gene-regulatory roles in animals and plants by pairing to the mRNAs of protein-coding genes to direct their posttranscriptional repression. This review outlines the current understanding of miRNA target recognition in animals and discusses the widespread impact of miRNAs on both the expression and evolution of protein-coding genes.

MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions

This critical review is focused on examples reported in the year 2009 dealing with the design of chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors or reagents for anions (264 references).

/pdf/chromogenic-and-fluorogenic-chemosensors-and-reagents-for-23e04ey3wj.pdf

Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the years 2010-2011.

Cigarette smoking is known to aggravate Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) severity by enhancing adipogenesis. We investigated the effect of quercetin, an antioxidant, on adipocyte differentiation induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in primary cultured orbital fibroblasts (OFs) from GO patients. Freshly prepared CSE was added to the cells and H2O2 was used as a positive control. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and adipogenesis were measured. The expressions of proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) g, CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) a and b, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme, were examined during adipogenic differentiation. In result, CSE and H2O2 dose-dependently stimulated intracellular ROS production in normal and Graves’ OFs. The effect of 2% CSE was similar to that of 10 m MH 2O2; both concentrations were noncytotoxic and were used throughout the experiment. Quercetin pretreatment reduced the ROS generation stimulated by either CSE or H2O2 in preadipocyte OFs. CSE and H2O2 stimulated adipocyte differentiation in cultured OFs. The addition of quercetin (50 or 100 mM) suppressed adipogenesis. Quercetin also suppressed ROS generation in differentiating OFs during adipogenesis stimulated by CSE and H2O2. Additionally, the expressions of PPARg, C/EBPa, and C/EBPb proteins were reduced in the quercetin-treated OFs. Quercetin also reduced the CSE- and H2O2-induced upregulation of ROS and HO-1 protein in differentiated OFs and preadipocyte OFs. As shown in this study, quercetin inhibited adipogenesis by reducing ROS in vitro, supporting the use of quercetin in the treatment of GO.

/pdf/cigarette-smoke-extract-induced-adipogenesis-in-graves-12deiwc754.pdf

Cigarette smoke extract-induced adipogenesis in Graves' orbital fibroblasts is inhibited by quercetin via reduction in oxidative stress

An ocular prosthesis is a custom-made polymeric insert that can be placed in an anophthalmic socket for cosmetic rehabilitation of patients who have lost their eyes. The process of creating such a custom-made ocular prosthesis is time-consuming and labor-intensive because it involves artistic work that is carried out manually. This paper proposes a novel semi-automated method for fabricating customized ocular prostheses using three-dimensional (3D) printing and sublimation transfer printing. In the proposed method, an impression mold of the patient’s anophthalmic socket is first optically scanned using a 3D scanner to produce a 3D model. The ocular prosthesis is then produced via a digital light processing 3D printer using biocompatible photopolymer resin. Subsequently, an image of the iris and blood vessels of the eye is prepared by modifying a photographed image of the contralateral normal eye, and printed onto the 3D-printed ocular prosthesis using a dye sublimation transfer technique. Cytotoxicity assessments of the base material and fabricated ocular prosthesis indicate that there is no adverse effect on cellular viability and proliferation. The proposed method reduces the time and skill required to fabricate a customized ocular prosthesis, and is expected to provide patients with easier access to quality custom-made ocular prostheses.

/pdf/semi-automated-fabrication-of-customized-ocular-prosthesis-1jrczo7hx4.pdf

Semi-automated fabrication of customized ocular prosthesis with three–dimensional printing and sublimation transfer printing technology

Biindolyl-based molecular clefts that bind anions by hydrogen-bonding interactions

PURPOSE To investigate the role of microRNA 146a (miR-146a) in the regulation of inflammation in an in vitro model of Graves' orbitopathy (GO). METHODS The level of miR-146a expression in orbital adipose tissue was compared between GO and non-GO by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The effects of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) on miR-146a expression were analyzed in orbital fibroblasts by qPCR. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying IL-1β-induced miR-146a expression, the effects of inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MEK)-1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)-1/2, p38 MAP kinase, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) were analyzed. The effects of miR-146a mimics and inhibitors on IL-1β-induced IL-6 release were examined by ELISA and Western blotting. RESULTS The level of miR-146a expression was significantly higher in GO orbital adipose tissue than in non-GO (P = 0.032). Interleukin 1β induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in miR-146a expression. Interleukin 1β (10 ng/mL, 16 hours) induced an approximately 17.5-fold increase in miR-146 expression. The increase in miR-146a expression by IL-1β was significantly inhibited by NF-κB, JNK-1/2, and PI3K inhibitors (1.94  ±  0.25, 5.28  ±  0.34 and 9.73  ±  2.32-fold, respectively, P < 0.05 compared with IL-1β-induced miR-146 expression, independent t-test). Interleukin 1β-induced IL-6 protein production was further decreased by miR-146a mimics, but not by inhibitors of miR-146a. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA 146a was upregulated by inflammatory stress in orbital fibroblasts. Our results indicated that miR-146a had a positive effect on the anti-inflammatory process. MicroRNA 146a may play a role in the regulation of inflammation in orbital fibroblasts, and may participate in the pathogenesis of GO.

Role of miR-146a in the Regulation of Inflammation in an In Vitro Model of Graves' Orbitopathy.

Aim To examine the role of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) in the regulation of fibrosis in an in vitro model of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). Methods Orbital fat/connective tissues were harvested from patients with GO and non-GO for primary orbital fibroblast cultures. The effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a potent cytokine that promotes fibrosis, on miR-146a expression were analysed in GO and non-GO orbital fibroblasts using quantitative real-time PCR. The effects of overexpressed miR-146a on TGF-β-induced fibrotic markers were examined in GO orbital fibroblasts by western blot analysis. Expression ofSma and Mad related family (Smad) 4/tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) after transfection of miR-146a mimics or inhibitors were examined. Results TGF-β induced an increase in miR-146a expression in orbital fibroblasts from patients with GO in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. miR-146a mimics further decreased the production of TGF-β-induced fibronectin, collagen Iα and α-smooth muscle actin protein. The Smad4 and TRAF6 protein levels were significantly decreased by miR-146a mimics, compared with control mimics, and significantly increased on inhibition of miR-146a production compared with a control. Conclusions miR-146a plays a role as a negative regulator in the production of TGF-β-induced fibrotic markers. Thus, miR-146a may be involved in the regulation of fibrosis in orbital fibroblasts from patients with GO.

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/102/3/407.full.pdf

Role of microRNA-146a in regulation of fibrosis in orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ orbitopathy

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