Lithium-ion batteries have witnessed meteoric advancement the last two decades. The anode area has seen unprecedented research activity on Si and Sn, the two anode alternatives to currently used carbon following the initial seminal work by Fuji on tin oxide nanocomposites. Recent reports on silicon nanowires, porous Si, and amorphous Si coatings on graphite nanofibers (GNF) have been very encouraging. High capacity and long cycle life anodes are still, however, elusive and much needed to meet the ever increasing energy storage demands of modern society. Herein, we report for the first time the synthesis of novel 1D heterostructures comprising vertically aligned multiwall CNTs (VACNTs) containing nanoscale amorphous/nanocrystalline Si droplets deposited directly on VACNTs with clearly defined spacing using a simple two-step liquid injection CVD process. A hallmark of these single reactor derived heterostructures is an interfacial amorphous carbon layer anchoring the nanoscale Si clusters directly to the VACNTs. The defined spacing of nanoscale Si combined with their tethered CNT architecture allow for the silicon to undergo reversible electrochemical alloying and dealloying with Li with minimal loss of contact with the underlying CNTs. The novel heterostructures thus exhibit impressive reversible stable capacities approximately 2050 mAh/g with very good rate capability and an acceptable first cycle irreversible loss approximately 20% comparable to graphitic anodes indicating their promise as high capacity Li-ion anodes. Although warranting further research, particularly with regard to long-term cycling, it can be envisaged that optimization of this simple approach could lead to reversible high capacity next generation Li-ion anodes.

http://ma.ecsdl.org/content/MA2010-01/5/352.full.pdf

Nanostructured Hybrid Silicon/Carbon Nanotube Heterostructures: Novel Reversible High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Anodes

Constructing 2D heterostructure materials by stacking different 2D materials can combine the merits of the individual building blocks while eliminating their shortcomings. Dichalcogenides are attractive anodes for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity. However, the practical application of dichalcogenide is greatly hampered by the poor electrochemical performance due to sluggish kinetics of K+ insertion and the electrode structure collapse resulting from the large K+ insertion. Herein, heterostructures of 2D molybdenum dichalcogenide on 2D nitrogen-doped carbon (MoS2 , MoSe2 -on-NC) are prepared to boost their potassium storage performance. The unique 2D heterostructures possess built-in heterointerfaces, facilitating K+ diffusion. The robust chemical bonds (CS, CSe, CMo bonds) enhance the mechanical strength of electrodes, thus suppressing the volume expansion. The 2D N-doped carbon nanosheets interconnected as a 3D structure offer a fast diffusion path for electrons. Benefitting from these merits, both the MoS2 -on-NC and the MoSe2 -on-NC exhibit unprecedented cycle life. Moreover, the electrochemical reaction mechanism of MoSe2 is revealed during the process of potassiation and depotassiation.

Heterostructures of 2D Molybdenum Dichalcogenide on 2D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon: Superior Potassium-Ion Storage and Insight into Potassium Storage Mechanism.

Exploring Si-based anode materials with high electrical conductivity and electrode stability is crucial for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose the fabrication of a Si-based composite where Si porous nanospheres (Si p-NSs) are tightly wrapped by Ti3C2Tx (Tx stands for the surface groups such as -OH, -F) MXene nanosheets (TNSs) through an interfacial assembly strategy. The TNSs as a conductive and robust tight of the Si p-NSs can effectively improve electron transport and electrode stability, as revealed by substantial characterizations and mechanical simulations. Moreover, the TNSs with rich surface groups enable strong interfacial interactions with the Si p-NS component and a pseudocapacitive behavior, beneficial for fast and stable lithium storage. Consequently, the Si p-NS@TNSs electrode with a high Si content of 85.6% exhibits significantly enhanced battery performance compared with the Si p-NSs electrode such as high reversible capacity (1154 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1), long cycling stability (up to 2000 cycles with a 0.026% capacity decay rate per cycle), and excellent rate performances. Notably, the Si p-NS@TNSs electrode-based LIB full cell delivers a high energy uptake of 405 Wh kg-1, many-times higher than that of the Si p-NSs full cell. This work offers a strategy to develop advanced Si-based anode materials with desirable properties for high-performance LIBs.

Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanosheets as a Robust and Conductive Tight on Si Anodes Significantly Enhance Electrochemical Lithium Storage Performance.

Recent progress and perspectives on silicon anode: Synthesis and prelithiation for LIBs energy storage

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/inf2.12118

Interfacial structure design of MXene‐based nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion

The development of silicon-based anode materials is important for improving the energy density of current lithium ion batteries. However, there are still strong demands for these materials with better cycle stability and higher reversible capacity. Here, a kind of dual bond restricted MXene-Si-CNT composite anode materials with enhanced electrochemical performance is reported. These dual bonds have been clearly revealed by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique and also proven by theoretical calculations with spontaneous reaction energy values (-0.190 and -0.429 eV/atom for Ti-Si and C-Si bonds, respectively). The cycle stability of the composites, prepared by a facile ball-milling synthetic method, can obviously be improved because of the existence of these dual bonds and the multidimensional constructed architecture. The MXene-Si-CNT composite with 60 wt % silicon possesses the best overall performance, with ∼80% capacity retention after 200 cycles, and achieves 841 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1. This approach demonstrates a promising strategy to exploit high-performance anode materials and lessens the immanent negative effect of silicon-based materials. Furthermore, it is significant to extend this method to other anode materials with serious volumetric change problems during the cycling process.

Dual Bond Enhanced Multidimensional Constructed Composite Silicon Anode for High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries.

The development of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is promising for the practical application of high-performance water-splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries. In this paper, two-dimensional (Fe,Ni)3S4...

In-situ construction of self-supporting Ni-Fe sulfide for high-efficient oxygen evolution

Gorgeous turn-back: Rough surface treatment strategy induces Cu-C and N-C active moieties for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) can produce ammonia under environmental conditions and is considered as a sustainable alternative to the traditional Haber-Bosch process. However, ENRR is limited by the solubility...

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