Since its inception, flow-based analysis has dramatically transformed the way that sample analysis is handled. What used to be manual, slow and prone to error has become automated, rapid and precise. Though many improvements and modifications have already been explored, a most promising development has been the flow-batch analyzer. Through use of an instantaneous stop-mixing chamber and computer-controlled, flow-based sampling, it achieves extraordinarily high sampling rates. We review its historical evolution, components, features and operation, and analytical applications.

Flow-batch analysis

The demand for autonomous sensors for unattended, continuous nutrient monitoring in water is rapidly growing with the increasing need for more frequent and widespread environmental pollution monitoring. Legislative bodies, local authorities and industries all require frequent water quality monitoring, however, this is time and labour intensive, and an expensive undertaking. Autonomous sensors allow for frequent, unattended data collection. While this solves the time and labour intensive aspects of water monitoring, sensors can be very expensive. Development of low-cost sensors is essential to realise the concept of Internet of Things (IoT). However there is much work yet to be done in this field. This article reviews current literature on the research and development efforts towards deployable autonomous sensors for phosphorus (in the form of phosphate) and nitrogen (in the form of nitrate), with a focus on analytical performance and cost considerations. Additionally, some recent sensing approaches that could be automated in the future are included, along with an overview of approaches to monitoring both nutrients. These approaches are compared with standard laboratory methods and also with commercially available sensors for both phosphate and nitrate. Application of nutrient sensors in agriculture is discussed as an example of how sensor networks can provide improvements in decision making.

Recent developments in sensing methods for eutrophying nutrients with a focus on automation for environmental applications.

Absorbance measurements with light-emitting diodes as sources: Silicon photodiodes or light-emitting diodes as detectors?

Flow-batch miniaturization.

Nephelometry and turbidimetry with paired emitter detector diodes and their application for determination of total urinary protein.

In the current work a Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) procedure for photometric determination of orthophosphate in river water at µg L−1 concentration level is described. The flow system module and the LED-based photometer were assembled together to constitute a compact unit in order to allow that a flow cell with optical path-length of 100 mm was coupled to them. The photometric procedure based on the molybdenum blue method was implemented employing the multicommuted flow injection analysis approach, which provided facilities to allow reduction of reagent consumption and as well as waste generation. Aiming to prove the usefulness of the system, orthophosphate in river and tap waters was determined. Accuracy was ascertained by spiking samples with orthophosphate solution yielding recoveries ranging from 96% up to 107%. Other profitable features such as a wide linear response range between 10 to 800 µg L−1 ; a detection limit (3σ criterion) of 2.4 µg L−1 ; a relative standard deviation (n = 7) of...

Green Chemistry–Sensitive Analytical Procedure for Photometric Determination of Orthophosphate in River and Tap Water by Use of a Simple LED-Based Photometer

In this work, a reliable and inexpensive photometer based on twin LEDs assembled as a radiation source and as a photodetector is described. The setup including the photometer and flow system module was designed to implement an automated titration procedure employing the multicommuted flow injection analysis (MCFIA) process. The proposed system was able to carry out photometric titration without using analytical curve to achieve the sample concentration. Its usefulness was proven by analyzing vinegar and lemon, orange, pineapple, maracock, and acajou juices. Accuracy was accessed comparing results with those obtained employing a manual procedure and no significant difference was observed at 95% confidence level. Samples presenting different acid concentrations such as lemon juice (1084.73 mmol L-1) and pineapple juice (14.42 mmol L-1) could be titrated using the same titration solution without any modification of the titrating setup.

/pdf/automatic-photometric-titration-procedure-based-on-33srcuvqyr.pdf

Automatic photometric titration procedure based on multicommutation and flow-batch approaches employing a photometer based on twin LEDs

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Green Chemistry–Sensitive Analytical Procedure for Photometric Determination of Orthophosphate in River and Tap Water by Use of a Simple LED-Based Photometer

Automatic photometric titration procedure based on multicommutation and flow-batch approaches employing a photometer based on twin LEDs