Energy storage systems (ESSs) are enabling technologies for well-established and new applications such as power peak shaving, electric vehicles, integration of renewable energies, etc. This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies. Special attention is given to the different applications, providing a deep description of the system and addressing the most suitable storage technology. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the subject and to give an updated reference to nonspecialist, academic, and engineers in the field of power electronics.

Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications

With rapid electrification of transportation, it is becoming increasingly important to have a comprehensive understanding of criteria used in motor selection. This paper presents the design and comparative evaluation for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with distributed winding and concentrated winding, induction motor (IM), and switched reluctance motor (SRM) for an electric vehicle (EV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. A fast finite element analysis (FEA) modeling approach is addressed for IM design. To account for highly nonlinear motor parameters and achieve high motor efficiency, optimal current trajectories are obtained by extensive mapping for IPMSMs and IM. Optimal turn- on and turn- off angles with current chopping control and angular position control are found for SRM. Additional comparison including noise vibration and harshness (NVH) is also highlighted. Simulation and analytical results show that each motor topology demonstrates its own unique characteristic for EVs/HEVs. Each motor’s highest efficiency region is located at different torque-speed regions for the criteria defined. Stator geometry, pole/slot combination, and control strategy differentiate NVH performance.

Comparative Study of Interior Permanent Magnet, Induction, and Switched Reluctance Motor Drives for EV and HEV Applications

A novel energy control strategy for a battery/supercapacitor vehicle, which is designed to be tunable to achieve different goals, is described. Two possible goals for adding a pack of supercapacitors are examined for a test vehicle using lead-acid batteries: 1) improving the vehicle's efficiency and range and 2) reducing the peak currents in the battery pack to increase battery life. The benefits of hybridization are compared with those achievable by increasing the size of the battery pack by a comparable mass to the supercapacitors. The availability of energy from regenerative braking and the characteristics of the supercapacitors are considered as impact factors. Supercapacitors were found to be effective at reducing peak battery currents; however, the benefits to range extension were found to be limited. A battery life extension of at least 50% is necessary to make supercapacitors cost effective for the test vehicle at current prices.

Optimizing for Efficiency or Battery Life in a Battery/Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle

This paper compares different cascaded and multilevel topologies to interface supercapacitors to a dc bus in regenerative braking applications. It is shown that the modular multilevel dc/dc converter (MMC) can benefit from both reduced voltage and increased frequency across the inductor to reduce its weight and volume when using phase shifting modulation. The proposed control method is able to balance supercapacitor voltage while providing precise output current control. The converter topology and control method are validated with simulations and experimental results.

Design and Control of a Modular Multilevel DC/DC Converter for Regenerative Applications

Past research on Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) focused primarily on improving their fuel economy. Emission reduction is another important performance attribute that needs to be addressed. When emissions are considered for hybrid vehicles with a gasoline engine, horizon-based optimization methodologies should be used because the light- off of the three-way catalytic converter heavily depends on the warming-up of catalyst temperature. In this paper, we propose a systematic design method for a cold-start supervisory control algorithm based on the Dynamic Programming (DP) methodology. First, a system-level parallel HEV model is developed to efficiently predict tailpipe emissions as well as fuel economy.The optimal control problem for minimization of cold-start emissions and fuel consumption is then solved via DP. Since DP solution cannot be directly implemented as a real-time controller, more useful control strategies are extracted from DP solution over the entire state space via the comprehensive extraction method. The DP results indicate that the engine on/off, gear-shift, and power-split strategies must be properly adjusted to achieve fast catalyst warm-up with minimal cold-start engine-out emissions. Based on DP results, we proposed a rule-based control algorithm that is easy to implement and achieves near- optimal fuel economy and emissions performance.

/pdf/supervisory-control-of-parallel-hybrid-electric-vehicles-for-2y47992haz.pdf

Supervisory Control of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Fuel and Emission Reduction

Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles

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Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles