Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) affect the respiratory tract, are often caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus, and present symptoms such as coughing, fever, respiratory distress and breathing difficulty. The global adherence to exclusive breastfeeding (BF) for the first 6 months of life has reached 44%, supported by World Health Organization and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund efforts. BF provides vital nutrients and contributes to infant immune system development, protecting against infections. The role of BF in preventing and reducing complications of ARIs in infants is gaining attention, prompting a review of current data and future research needs. This review aims to summarize the evidence on the role of BF in reducing the risk and severity of ARIs in infants, elucidate the adaptations in breast milk composition during infections and identify relevant research needs. 

The Role of Breastfeeding in Acute Respiratory Infections in Infancy

El establecimiento de la microbiota intestinal del recién nacido es un proceso crucial que ocurre durante el nacimiento y la lactancia, jugando un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del sistema inmunológico y la salud del bebé a lo largo de su vida. En esta pequeña revisión exponemos los principales componentes de la microbiota neonatal y damos un panorama general de su efecto en el desarrollo de la respuesta inmunológica en el intestino del recién nacido. 

pdf/establecimiento-del-microbiota-intestinal-del-recien-nacido-2bsd6kc3w1.pdf

Establecimiento del microbiota intestinal del recién nacido durante la lactancia materna

The rapid development of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a closer analysis of cell functioning during β-coronavirus infection. This review will describe evidence for COVID-19 as a syndrome with a strong, albeit still underestimated, mitochondrial component. Due to the sensitivity of host mitochondria to coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2 affects mitochondrial signaling, modulates the immune response, modifies cellular energy metabolism, induces apoptosis and ageing, worsening COVID-19 symptoms which can sometimes be fatal. Various aberrations across human systems and tissues and their relationships with mitochondria were reported. In this review, particular attention is given to characterization of multiple alterations in gene expression pattern and mitochondrial metabolism in COVID-19; the complexity of interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial proteins is presented. The participation of mitogenome fragments in cell signaling and the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNA within membranous compartments, including mitochondria is widely discussed. As SARS-CoV-2 severely affects the quality system of mitochondria, the cellular background for aberrations in mitochondrial dynamics in COVID-19 is additionally characterized. Finally, perspectives on the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms by affecting mitochondrial biogenesis by numerous compounds and therapeutic treatments are briefly outlined. 

Mitochondria in COVID-19: from cellular and molecular perspective

Amaç: Preterm doğum yenidoğan ölümlerinin önde gelen nedenidir. Bu ölümlerin arasında en yüksek oran solunum sıkıntısı sendromu’ na (RDS) aittir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yenidoğanlarda RDS yönetiminin en uygun ve etkin hale getirilmesine yardımcı olmak için; RDS’nin risk faktörlerini, klinik özelliklerini ve komplikasyonlarını belirlemektir. 
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya ikinci düzey yenidoğan yoğun bakım servisimizdeki Ocak 2016 ile Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında düşük doğum ağırlıklı bebekler alındı. Olgular geriye dönük incelenerek, demografik özellikleri, verilmiş olan tedaviler (mekanik ventilasyon, surfaktan), ve erken ve geç komplikasyonları; ölüm oranları ve sebepleri belirlendi. 
Bulgular: Toplam 130 olgu çalışmaya alındı. Yüzde altmış ikisi erkek, %38’i kızdı.Yüzde 85’i sezaryen doğum, % 15’inde normal vajinal yoldu. Ortalama doğum ağırlığı 2043±372 gr, ortalama gebelik haftası 32±5 hafta bulundu. Antenatal steroid (ACS), %67,6' sında uygulanmıştı.Yüzde otuzüçünde erken membran rüptürü (EMR) saptandı. Erken ve geç komplikasyonlar; %3,8’inde ventilatöre bağlı pnömoni ve %3’ünde pnömotoraks idi.Yüzde 4,6’ında ise sepsis saptandı. Bronkopulmoner displazi (BPD) %2,3, Prematür Retinopatisi (ROP) %1,5, periventriküler lökomalazi %1,7 ile intrakraniyal kanama (IKK evre III-IV) %2 olarak görüldü. Ölüm oranı %10’du. 
Sonuç: Ölüm oranlarımız; ülkemizden yayınlanan verilerle benzer olarak bulundu. Doğum öncesi izlemin iyileştirilmesi, gebe takiplerinin düzenli yapılması, sık görülen ölüm nedenleri için risklerin tespit edilip bunlara karşı yeterli ve etkin önlemlerin alınması durumunda ölüm oranlarımızın azalacağını düşünmekteyiz.

/pdf/retrospective-evaluation-of-surfactant-response-in-premature-2v9kyyrp.pdf

Retrospective Evaluation of Surfactant Response in Premature Newborns Followed Up with the Diagnosis of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

In all living organisms, there is a delicate balance between oxidation caused by reactive species (RS, also called free radicals) and antioxidant defence [...].

/pdf/impact-of-endogenic-and-exogenic-oxidative-stress-triggers-1ay4kd93.pdf

Impact of Endogenic and Exogenic Oxidative Stress Triggers on Pregnant Woman, Fetus, and Child

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Elderly people, people with immunodeficiency, autoimmune and malignant diseases, as well as people with chronic diseases have a higher risk of developing more severe forms of the disease. Pregnant women and children can becomesick, although more often they are only the carriers of the virus. Recent studies have indicated that infants can also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and develop a severe form of the disease with a fatal outcome. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) ina pregnant woman can affect the supply of oxygen to the fetus and initiate the mechanism of metabolic disorders of the fetus and newborn caused by asphyxia. The initial metabolic response of the newborn to the lack of oxygen in the tissues is the activation of anaerobic glycolysis in the tissues and an increase in the concentration of lactate and ketones. Lipid peroxidation, especially in nerve cells, is catalyzed by iron released from hemoglobin, transferrin and ferritin, whose release is induced by tissue acidosis and free oxygen radicals. Ferroptosis-inducing factors can directly or indirectly affect glutathione peroxidase through various pathways, resulting in a decrease in the antioxidant capacity and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells, ultimately leading to oxidative cell stress, and finally, death. Conclusion: damage to the mitochondria as a result of lipid peroxidation caused by the COVID-19 disease can cause the death of a newborn and pregnant women as well as short time and long-time sequelae.

/pdf/the-significance-of-covid-19-diseases-in-lipid-metabolism-l7cjwscu.pdf

The Significance of COVID-19 Diseases in Lipid Metabolism Pregnancy Women and Newborns

The intestinal microbiota consists of trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that achieve a perfect symbiosis with the host. They perform immunological, metabolic, and endocrine functions in the body. The microbiota is formed intrauterine. Dysbiosis is a microbiome disorder characterized by an imbalance in the composition of the microbiota, as well as changes in their functional and metabolic activities. The causes of dysbiosis include improper nutrition in pregnant women, hormone therapy, the use of drugs, especially antibiotics, and a lack of exposure to the mother’s vaginal microbiota during natural birth. Changes in the intestinal microbiota are increasingly being identified in various diseases, starting in the early neonatal period into the adult period. Conclusions: In recent years, it has become more and more obvious that the components of the intestinal microbiota are crucial for the proper development of the immune system, and its disruption leads to disease.

/pdf/programming-factors-of-neonatal-intestinal-dysbiosis-as-a-35oad4b3.pdf

Programming Factors of Neonatal Intestinal Dysbiosis as a Cause of Disease

Background and Objectives: Pneumothorax implies the presence of air in the pleural space between the visceral and parietal pleura. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics, risk factors, therapy and perinatal outcome in neonates with pneumothorax in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study based on a five-year data sample of neonates with pneumothorax was conducted in a Maternity Hospital with a tertiary NICU from 2015 to 2020. We included all neonates with pneumothorax born in our hospital and compared demographic characteristics, perinatal risk factors, anthropometric parameters, comorbidities, clinical course and method of chest drainage between term (≥37 GW) and preterm (<37 GW) neonates. Results: The study included 74 newborns with pneumothorax, of which 67.6% were male and 32.5% were female. The majority of women (59.5%) had no complications during pregnancy. Delivery was mainly performed via CS (68.9%). Delivery occurred on average in 34.62 ± 4.03 GW. Significantly more (p = 0.001) children with pneumothorax were born prematurely (n = 53; 71.6%) than at term (n = 21; 28.4%). Most of the neonates had to be treated with ATD (63.5%) and nCPAP (39.2%), but less often they were treated with surfactant (40.5%) and corticosteroids (35.1%). O2 therapy lasted an average of 8.89 ± 4.57 days. Significantly more (p = 0.001) neonates with pneumothorax had additional complications, pneumonia, sepsis, convulsions and intraventricular hemorrhage (68.9%). However, most children had a good outcome (83.8%) and were discharged from the clinic. Fatal outcomes occurred in six cases, while another six neonates had to be transferred to referral neonatal centers for further treatment and care. Conclusion: Significantly more children with pneumothorax were born prematurely than at term. With adequate therapy, even premature newborns can successfully recover from pneumothorax.

/pdf/neonatal-pneumothorax-outcome-in-preterm-and-term-newborns-gaz9f12q.pdf

Neonatal Pneumothorax Outcome in Preterm and Term Newborns

The Signiﬁcance of COVID-19 Diseases in Lipid Metabolism Pregnancy Women and Newborns

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The Significance of COVID-19 Diseases in Lipid Metabolism Pregnancy Women and Newborns

Programming Factors of Neonatal Intestinal Dysbiosis as a Cause of Disease

Neonatal Pneumothorax Outcome in Preterm and Term Newborns

The Signiﬁcance of COVID-19 Diseases in Lipid Metabolism Pregnancy Women and Newborns