抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Mechanotransduction is a process where cells sense their surroundings and convert the physical forces in their environment into an appropriate response. Calcium plays a crucial role in the translation of such forces to biochemical signals that control various biological processes fundamental in muscle development. The mechanical stimulation of muscle cells may for example result from stretch, electric and magnetic stimulation, shear stress, and altered gravity exposure. The response, mainly involving changes in intracellular calcium concentration then leads to a cascade of events by the activation of downstream signaling pathways. The key calcium-dependent pathways described here include the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The subsequent effects in cellular homeostasis consist of cytoskeletal remodeling, cell cycle progression, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, all necessary for healthy muscle development, repair, and regeneration. A deregulation from the normal process due to disuse, trauma, or disease can result in a clinical condition such as muscle atrophy, which entails a significant loss of muscle mass. In order to develop therapies against such diseased states, we need to better understand the relevance of calcium signaling and the downstream responses to mechanical forces in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review is to discuss in detail how diverse mechanical stimuli cause changes in calcium homeostasis by affecting membrane channels and the intracellular stores, which in turn regulate multiple pathways that impart these effects and control the fate of muscle tissue.

/pdf/calcium-s-role-in-mechanotransduction-during-muscle-1ndvz8tyih.pdf

Calcium's Role in Mechanotransduction during Muscle Development

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

入侵病原体与宿主之间呈动态平衡，以维持病原体成功地寄生在宿主体内而不致宿主死亡，这是许多寄生虫感染的一个重要特征。包括曼氏血吸虫在内的许多蠕虫感染中，持续的炎症反应比病原体本身对宿主的危害更大，降低宿主的免疫反应具有重要意义。曼氏血吸虫感染后，宿主活化CD4^＋Th2细胞，分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-13。最近研究表明IL-13是肝组织纤维化的重要调节因子。

IL-13受体α2降低血吸虫病肉芽肿的炎症反应并延长宿主存活时间[英]/Mentink-Kane MM,Cheever AW，Thompson RW，et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

/pdf/self-assembled-monolayers-of-thiolates-on-metals-as-a-form-1neb0hj3k4.pdf

Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology.

The present invention relates to a method of characterizing biochips comprising a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) having an immobilized ligand with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).

Characterization of biochips containing self-assembled monolayers with maldi-tof-ms

Disclosed herein are methods of using an immobilized substrate, immobilized ligand, and a fusion protein of an enzyme for the substrate and a receptor for the ligand, where the immobilized substrate can react to form an immobilized product that has a different mass than the immobilized substrate, and using this transformation to indirectly determine the binding of the receptor and the ligand. These methods can be used for high-throughput screening for possible modulators (e.g., inhibitors or activators) of the ligand -receptor interaction.

Enzyme coupled assay for quantification of protein and peptide binding by samdi mass spectrometry

/pdf/sers-nanosensors-for-in-vivo-glucose-sensing-3nc0xegkua.pdf

SERS Nanosensors for in vivo Glucose Sensing

La presente invention concerne des materiaux pour la promotion de la regeneration tissulaire, et des procedes favorisant la regeneration tissulaire et la cicatrisation des plaies avec lesdits materiaux. La presente invention concerne en particulier des materiaux presentant des sequences peptidiques derivees de la laminine qui facilitent la migration cellulaire dans le materiau, ainsi que des procedes d'utilisation associes.

Matériaux pour la régénération tissulaire

The present disclosure provides methods for the rapid synthesis of large libraries of spherical nucleid acid (SNA) nanoparticles, their screening for activity, and a machine learning algorithm to analyze the data.

Addressing nanomedicine complexity through novel high-throughput screening and machine learning

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