The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

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Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic

The Aegean region is a concentrate of the main geodynamic processes that shaped the Mediterranean region: oceanic and continental subduction, mountain building, high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphism, backarc extension, post-orogenic collapse, metamorphic core complexes, gneiss domes are the ingredients of a complex evolution that started at the end of the Cretaceous with the closure of the Tethyan ocean along the Vardar suture zone. Using available plate kinematic, geophysical, petrological and structural data, we present a synthetic tectonic map of the whole region encompassing the Balkans, Western Turkey, the Aegean Sea, the Hellenic Arc, the Mediterranean Ridge and continental Greece and we build a lithospheric-scale N-S cross-section from Crete to the Rhodope massif. We then describe the tectonic evolution of this cross-section with a series of reconstructions from ~70 Ma to the Present. We follow on the hypothesis that a single subduction has been active throughout most of the Mesozoic and the entire Cenozoic, and we show that the geological record is compatible with this hypothesis. The reconstructions show that continental subduction (Apulian and Pelagonian continental blocks) did not induce slab break-off in this case. Using this evolution, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the exhumation of metamorphic rocks and the subsequent formation of extensional metamorphic domes in the backarc region during slab retreat. The tectonic histories of the two regions showing large-scale extension, the Rhodope and the Cyclades are then compared. The respective contributions to slab retreat, post-orogenic extension and lower crust partial melting of changes in kinematic boundary conditions and in nature of subducting material, from continental to oceanic, are discussed.

/pdf/cenozoic-geodynamic-evolution-of-the-aegean-2w6i0upj7j.pdf

Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean

Simple physical arguments, analogue experiments and numerical experiments all suggest that the internal dynamics of actively deforming collisional mountain ranges are influenced by climate. However, obtaining definitive field evidence of a significant impact of climate on mountain building has proved challenging. Spatial correlations between intense precipitation or glaciation and zones of rapid rock-uplift have indeed been documented in numerous mountain ranges, and are consistent with model predictions. More compelling evidence — such as tectonic changes in response to (rather than just coincident with) climate change — has, however, rarely been documented. Triggered by a climate-driven increase in erosion rate, friction-dominated mountain ranges are expected to show a number of simultaneous responses: a decrease in the width of the range, a temporary increase in sediment yield, a persistent increase in the rate of rock uplift and a reduction in the subsidence rate of surrounding basins. The most convincing field evidence for such a coordinated response of a mountain range to climate change comes from the European Alps and the St Elias range of Alaska. Field studies and experimental research during the past two decades have provided considerable evidence for a significant influence of climate on tectonics. Recent advances suggest that model predictions can guide future fieldwork aimed at substantiating this view.

/pdf/the-influence-of-climate-on-the-tectonic-evolution-of-bhb3b0lir6.pdf

The influence of climate on the tectonic evolution of mountain belts.

Geológia, archeológia és história – a környezettörténet forrásai =Geology, archaeology and history – sources to environmental history

https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/download/16868/13839

Moving Miocene Moesia or what formed the S-shape of the Carpathians?

The seismic shaking observed around Delhi and the surrounding region due to near-field and far-field earthquakes is a matter of concern for the seismic safety of the national capital of India, as well as the historical monuments of the region. Historical seismicity indicates that the Delhi region has been affected by several damaging earthquakes originating from the Himalayan region as far-field events, as well as due to near-field earthquakes with epicenters close to Delhi. The historical records, along with recent archeoseismological studies, suggest that Qutab Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was damaged by the earthquake of 1803 CE. This event represents the only evidence of seismic damage from the region, as there has been no detailed study of other historical monuments in the area or earthquakes that have caused damage. In this context, the earthquake damage to other monuments might have been overlooked to some extent around the Qutab Minar due to the lack of proper earthquake damage surveys and documentation in historical times. The main goal of this study is to identify evidence of earthquake archeological effects around the Qutab Minar and to shed new light on the occurrence and characteristics of ancient earthquakes while providing data to inform seismic risk assessment programs. With this aim, we describe different earthquake-related damage (EAE, earthquake archeological effects) at the Isa Khan Tomb and Humayun’s Tomb, built between 1548 CE and 1570 CE, respectively, as well as the older Tomb of Iltutmish (built in 1235 CE) along with the Qutab Minar, which was built between 1199 CE and 1220 CE. The damage was probably caused by seismic events with intensities between VIII and IX on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS). Based on the methodology of paleo ShakeMaps, it is most likely that the 1803 CE earthquake was the causative earthquake for the observed deformation in the Isa Khan Tomb, Tomb of Iltutmish, and Humayun’s Tomb. More detailed regional paleoseismological studies are required to identify the responsible fault. In conclusion, the impressive cultural heritage of Delhi city and the intraplate region is constantly under seismic threats from near-field earthquakes and far-field Himalayan earthquakes.

Archeoseismic Study of Damage in Medieval Monuments around New Delhi, India: An Approach to Understanding Paleoseismicity in an Intraplate Region

Tanulmányúton a Pienini-szirtövben és a Lengyel-Tátrában.

The Nile is the longest river on earth, accordingly with huge drainage and major floods, regulated by the African monsoon. Significant amount of sediment is carried by the river; its deposition forms alluvial plains along most of its course. However, in Upper Egypt and northern Sudan there are six major and several minor cataracts totalling 327 km in length. There the river flows directly on bedrock, and a multitude of islands and rocks in the riverbed makes navigation hard or impossible throughout much of the year. Obviously, the Nile is unable to remove these obstacles from its flow (despite its ability to carve a deep canyon in the African continent during Messinian lowstand of the Mediterranean Sea). It has been suggested that the Cataract Nile is in a youthful stage, flows along structurally controlled turns and that earthquakes in southern Egypt prove that portions of the Nubian Swell are still tectonically active (Thurmond et al., 2004). However, the Sudan part of the river does not show any seismic activity. An archaeoseismological study is in progress to locate evidence of past earthquakes preserved in monumental architecture erected during the past 3500 years. Pyramids in Meroe display masonry shifted in plane of the wall: this was caused by one or more earthquakes of intensity I0 = 9 on the Archaeological Intensity Scale. We suggest that an ongoing systematic study of monumental stone and adobe buildings along the Nile in the region of the Nubian Swell will find further evidence of major earthquakes in the region, contributing to a better understanding of seismic hazard in Sudan.ReferenceThurmond, A.K., Stern, R.J., Abselsalam, M.G., Nielsen, K.C., Abdeen, M.M., Hinz, E. (2004): The Nubian Swell. - Journal of African Earth Sciences 39, 401-407.

/pdf/is-there-active-tectonics-at-the-nile-cataracts-in-sudan-an-k7gjdj3i48.pdf

Is there active tectonics at the Nile cataracts in Sudan? An archaeoseismological study

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