https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/ws/files/40209925/1_s2.0_S004896972032372X_main.pdf

Towards an operationalisation of nature-based solutions for natural hazards

Landslides pose significant risks to communities and infrastructure, and mitigating these risks relies on understanding landslide causes and triggering processes. It has been shown that geophysical surveys can significantly contribute to the characterization of unstable slopes. However, hydrological processes can be temporally and spatially heterogeneous, requiring their related properties to be monitored over time. Geoelectrical monitoring can provide temporal and volumetric distributions of electrical resistivity, which are directly related to moisture content. To date, studies demonstrating this capability have been restricted to 2D sections, which are insufficient to capture the full degree of spatial heterogeneity. This study is the first to employ 4D (i.e., 3D time-lapse) resistivity imaging on an active landslide, providing long-term data (three years) highlighting the evolution of moisture content prior to landslide reactivation and showing its decline post reactivation. Crucially the time-lapse inversion methodology employed here incorporates movements of the electrodes on the unstable surface. Although seasonal characteristics dominate the shallow moisture dynamics during the first two years with surficial drying in summer and wetting in winter, in the months preceding reactivation, moisture content increased by more than 45 % throughout the slope. This is in agreement with independent data showing a significant rise in piezometric heads and shallow soil moisture contents as a result of prolonged and intense rainfall. Based on these results, remediation measures could be designed and early-warning systems implemented. Thus, resistivity monitoring that can allow for moving electrodes provides a new means for the effective mitigation of landslide risk.

/pdf/four-dimensional-imaging-of-moisture-dynamics-during-m0tej7olct.pdf

Four-dimensional imaging of moisture dynamics during landslide reactivation

Landslide impacts on infrastructure and society in the Federal Republic of Germany are associated with damage costs of about US$300 million on annual average. Despite the large overall losses due to widespread landslide activity, there is a lack of historical impact assessments, not just for Germany’s low mountain areas but those of entire Central Europe as well. This paper is a collection of three case studies from Germany that seek a better understanding of landslide impacts and their economic relevance at local and regional level. The first case study investigates damage types and mitigation measures at a representative landslide site in ways that support to gain insight into historical hazard interactions with land use practices. This case history is followed by a case study dealing with fiscal cost impacts of landslide damages for an example city and the highway system of the Lower Saxon Uplands, NW Germany. In addition to a cost-burden analysis for affected public budgets, an overview of the principles of disaster financing in landslide practice is given. The third case study is focused on the conflicts of urban development in hazard areas, with an economic approach to balancing safety and public welfare interests. Each case study is based on historical data sets extracted from Germany’s national landslide database. This paper presents three different case studies that in combination are a first step towards assessing landslide impacts in integrated perspective.

Landslide impacts in Germany: A historical and socioeconomic perspective

https://escholarship.org/content/qt9pc307nm/qt9pc307nm.pdf?t=pexq1c

Landslide characterization using P- and S-wave seismic refraction tomography — The importance of elastic moduli

Early warning of landslides is crucial for risk management and reduction, attracting a lot of attention from both scientists and stakeholders. However, it is challenging due to the complex nature of landslide behaviors and failure mechanisms. Here, we present a recent case of successful early warning and timely evacuation in advance of a large rockslide that occurred on 17 February 2019, in Guizhou Province, China. The rockslide was initially triggered in 2014 due to the excavation of slope toe for road expansion. Since then, the rockslide had become a potential threat to the local residents, pedestrians, and traffic. To ensure their safety, a wireless monitoring network combining on-site sensors and the geodetic method by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) was installed to continuously monitor the surface displacement of the rockslide. Field monitoring data measured by crack gauges, rain gauges, and tiltmeter were transmitted to a real-time early warning system developed using the new artificial intelligence by the authors’ institute. Since the deformation of the rock mass was found increasing, nearby residents were evacuated immediately. Using predefined early warning thresholds for rockslides in the system, the rockslide was successfully forecasted 53 min in advance. Prompt action taken by scientists and local authorities averted human and economic losses completely. In this study, we introduce the real-time early warning system, its concept, the method for determining warning threshold, and performance, followed by the emergency mitigation measures performed for this particular rockslide. It is the 5th time our early warning system successfully forecasted a landslide since its implementation in 2017, and hence we discuss the key characteristics of the system in order to make it applicable for other cases globally.

Successful early warning and emergency response of a disastrous rockslide in Guizhou province, China

The paramount importance of slope instability hazards assessment and management is by and large recognized. The general mechanisms of slope instability processes are now fairly well understood but there remains the problem of establishing the risks to lives and property. This is being tackled by relating the local ground conditions to the regional geological surveys and integrating this with site-specific information to produce a hazard potential estimate.

Risk Assessment of Slope Instability Related Geohazards

Failure of several gravity retaining walls in residential areas built on reclaimed land, during the October 23, 2004 Chuetsu earthquake in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, determined the authorities to consider the seismic retrofit of the walls in order to mitigate future similar disasters in the urban environment. This study addresses the effectiveness of ground anchors in improving the seismic performance of such retaining structures through a sliding block analysis of the seismic response of an anchored gravity retaining wall supporting a dry homogeneous fill slope subject to horizontal ground shaking. Sliding failure along the base of the wall and translational failure along a planar slip surface of the active wedge within the fill material behind the wall were considered in the formulation, whereas the anchor load was taken as a line load acting on the face of the gravity retaining wall. The effects of magnitude and orientation of anchor load on the yield acceleration of the wall-backfill system and seismically induced wall displacements were examined. It was found that for the same anchor orientation, the yield acceleration increases in a quasi-linear manner with increasing the anchor load, whereas an anchor load of a given magnitude acting at various orientations produces essentially identical yield accelerations. On the other hand, the computed earthquake-induced permanent displacements of the anchored gravity retaining wall decrease exponentially with increasing magnitude of anchor load. Additionally, the influence of backfill strength properties (e.g., internal friction angle) on the seismic wall displacement appears to diminish considerably for the anchored gravity retaining wall. A dynamic displacement analysis conducted for the anchored gravity retaining wall subjected to various seismic waveforms scaled to the same peak earthquake acceleration revealed a good correlation between the calculated permanent wall displacements and the Arias intensity parameter characterizing the input accelerogram.

Seismic Retrofit of Gravity Retaining Walls for Residential Fills Using Ground Anchors

This paper employs numerical modeling to investigate the ability of simplified procedures based on sliding block methodology to provide a reasonable characterization of the seismic displacements of a deepwater slope. Earthquake-induced permanent shear displacements obtained from dynamic finite-element analyses of a deepwater slope subjected to various input base excitations are presented and compared with the seismic displacements predicted by two relatively recent simplified procedures available in the literature. The numerical outcomes indicate that the simplified procedures may be overly conservative in evaluating the earthquake-induced permanent shear displacements along the sliding surface of deepwater slopes. Based on the limited displacement data set developed under the present study, correlations aiming at improving the predictive capability of the selected simplified procedures in respect to evaluation of seismic performance of deepwater slopes are provided.

Insights into Effectiveness of Simplified Seismic Displacement Procedures to Evaluate Earthquake Behavior of a Deepwater Slope

Correction of an existing landslide or the prevention of a pending landslide is a function of a reduction in the driving forces or an increase in the available resisting forces. Any remedial measure used must involve one or both of the above parameters.

/pdf/engineering-measures-for-landslide-disaster-mitigation-1fmt83sjgl.pdf

Engineering Measures for Landslide Disaster Mitigation

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Papers

Risk Assessment of Slope Instability Related Geohazards

Seismic Retrofit of Gravity Retaining Walls for Residential Fills Using Ground Anchors

Insights into Effectiveness of Simplified Seismic Displacement Procedures to Evaluate Earthquake Behavior of a Deepwater Slope

Engineering Measures for Landslide Disaster Mitigation