BACKGROUND
Lubricants manufactured conventionally from non-renewable mineral oil resources are not biodegradable and are liable to cause adverse environmental impacts. Biodegradable vegetable oils present a promising lubricant feedstock alternative. Waste cooking oil (WCO), which otherwise finds no immediate potential utilization can be successfully used to synthesize bio-lubricant. A novel synthetic method was developed by using the two-step process of C. rugosa lipase-mediated hydrolysis of WCO to free fatty acids (FFA) followed by Amberlyst 15H esterification of FFA with octanol. The octyl esters produced was the desired biolubricant.

RESULTS
The effect of different physico-chemical parameters like temperature, catalyst loading, agitation speed, molar ratio of octanol:FFA and the presence of different desiccants on the esterification reaction was examined. The optimum conditions to get maximum yield of biolubricant in minimum time were, octanol:FFA molar ratio = 3:1, temperature = 80 °C, catalyst = 2 g and desiccant (preferably silica gel powder) = 50% weight of FFA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the product formed was ester.

CONCLUSION
Biolubricant (octyl esters) was prepared efficiently from WCO by the two-step process developed. This novel approach represents a viable means of producing lubricants from wastes which are renewable in nature and can be an alternative to non-renewable mineral oil feedstocks. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Biolubricant synthesis from waste cooking oil via enzymatic hydrolysis followed by chemical esterification

Herein, two novel mesoporous cross-linked poly(vinyl imidazole)s with sulfonic acid tags, [PVI-SO3H]Cl (1) and [PVI-SO3H]FeCl4 (2), were prepared and characterized by a variety of techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, thermal gravimetry, derivative thermal gravimetry, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). In addition, magnetic properties of poly(vinyl imidazole) sulfonic acid iron(IV) chloride [PVI-SO3H]FeCl4 (2) as an ionically tagged magnetic polymer were investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The presented polymers, [PVI-SO3H]Cl (1) and [PVI-SO3H]FeCl4 (2), were successfully applied as reusable and efficient catalysts for the preparation of N-heterocycle spiropyrans. The described catalysts were recycled and reused with a marginal decrease in their catalytic activities. The desired products were prepared under mild and green conditions. The structures of the obtained products were confirmed by various analysis techniques.

Mesoporous Ionically Tagged Cross-Linked Poly(vinyl imidazole)s as Novel and Reusable Catalysts for the Preparation of N-Heterocycle Spiropyrans.

Biodiesel production from soybean oil by guanidinylated chitosan

Synthesis of pyridinium-based salts: Catalytic application at the synthesis of six membered O-heterocycles

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids Derived from Waste Cooking Oil with Octanol: Process Optimization and Kinetic Modeling

The esterification reaction of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin catalyzed by an anionic macroporous resin was studied. Purolite A-500 resin proved to be a very effective catalyst in the synthesis of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl palmitate. The effects of certain parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst particle size, catalyst loading, temperature, initial molar ratio between reactants on the rate of reaction were studied. It was found that the overall rate is intrinsically kinetically controlled. The structure of synthesized ester was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR analyses.

Esterification of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin on anion exchange resin catalyst

The kinetics of the esterification reaction between acetic acid and epichlorohydrin catalysed by Purolite A-520E strong basic anion exchange resin was studied. The effects of certain parameters such as stirring speed, particle diameter, temperature, catalyst amount and molar ratio between reactants were experimentally determined. It was found that the overall reaction rate is intrinsically kinetically controlled. The partial orders of reaction with respect to catalyst, acetic acid and epichlorohydrin were determined. A reaction mechanism is proposed. Based on chromatographic data and taking into account the partial orders of reaction, a more detailed kinetic model is suggested.

Kinetic studies for the esterification of acetic acid with epichlorohydrin over an anion exchange resin catalyst

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Esterification of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin on anion exchange resin catalyst

Kinetic studies for the esterification of acetic acid with epichlorohydrin over an anion exchange resin catalyst