A computer program is a series of coded instructions for the computer to obey and represent a method of processing data. Programs can't be written in English. They must first be written using a special language called a programming language. A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE (e.g. BASIC, PASCAL, and C+) consists of a set of codes and rules which can be used to construct commands for the computer. These commands are read and translated into electronic pulses needed to make the computer work. Programs are written by programmers. A computer language is a set of instructions used for writing computer programs. There are THREE (3) levels of languages: 1. MACHINE LANGUAGE – this was the first language available for programming. It varies from one computer to another, but the basic principles are the same. MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMS are written using a series of 0's and 1's i.e. using a BINARY SYSTEM. All programs written today must be translated into machine language before they can be executed (used) by the computer. EXAMPLE: 110110001 2. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE / LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE – these were developed to replace the 0's and 1's of machine language with symbols that are easier to understand and remember. Like with machine language, Assembly language varies form one make of computer to another so that a program written in one assembly language will not run on another make of computer. EXAMPLE: LDA 300 ADD 400 STA 500 3. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE – these differ from low level languages in that they require less coding detail and make programs easier to write. High level languages are designed for the solution of problems in one ore more areas of the application and are commonly described as application-oriented or problem-oriented languages. High level languages are not machine dependant. Programs written in a high level language must be translated to a form which can be accepted by that computer, i.e.

The computer program

https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(16)62324-3/pdf

Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults: An Official American College of Chest Physicians/American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline: Inspiratory Pressure Augmentation During Spontaneous Breathing Trials, Protocols Minimizing Sedation, and Noninvasive Ventilation Immediately After Extubation.

Mechanical ventilation is the most used short-term life support technique worldwide and is applied daily for a diverse spectrum of indications, from scheduled surgical procedures to acute organ failure. This state-of-the-art review provides an update on the basic physiology of respiratory mechanics, the working principles, and the main ventilatory settings, as well as the potential complications of mechanical ventilation. Specific ventilatory approaches in particular situations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are detailed along with protective ventilation in patients with normal lungs. We also highlight recent data on patient-ventilator dyssynchrony, humidified high-flow oxygen through nasal cannula, extracorporeal life support, and the weaning phase. Finally, we discuss the future of mechanical ventilation, addressing avenues for improvement.

Mechanical Ventilation: State of the Art

Background: Interventions that lead to earlier liberation from mechanical ventilation can improve patient outcomes. This guideline, a collaborative effort between the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, provides evidence-based recommendations to optimize liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill adults.Methods: Two methodologists performed evidence syntheses to summarize available evidence relevant to key questions about liberation from mechanical ventilation. The methodologists appraised the certainty in the evidence (i.e., the quality of evidence) using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach and summarized the results in evidence profiles. The guideline panel then formulated recommendations after considering the balance of desirable consequences (benefits) versus undesirable consequences (burdens, adverse effects, and costs), the certainty in the evidence, and the feasibility and acceptability of various interve...

An Official American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults. Rehabilitation Protocols, Ventilator Liberation Protocols, and Cuff Leak Tests

The paper presents data on the coronavirus disease COVID-2019 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which was temporarily named 2019-nCoV (2019 novel coronavirus) until 11 February 2020. An outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan ( Hubei province of China ) which was first described in an official publication of the Chinese Office of the World Health Organization on December 31, 2019, attracted attention of both dedicated experts and the entire international community. On January 30, 2019 it was recognised as a public health emergency of international concern. The first cases were reported on December 12, 2019 in China, and on January 31, 2020 Russia reported its first two cases of the infection in two Chinese citizens staying in Russia. The causative agent is the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It had not been detected before, and was first identified by Chinese researchers on January 7, 2020 under the temporary name 2019-nCoV. The aim of the study was to summarise information about coronavirus disease COVID-2019 beginning from the onset of the epidemic until early March 2020. The paper provides general information about coronaviruses, developments of the COVID-2019 epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and gives an assessment of the global epidemiological situation. It cites the recommendations of national regulatory authorities and the World Health Organization on the treatment of various forms of coronavirus infection and septic shock caused by SARS-CoV-2, including target values of systemic hemodynamics, a list of recommended medicines, methods of their use, and limitations of pharmacotherapy.

https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/download/173/229

Коронавирусная инфекция COVID-2019

Background: This clinical practice guideline addresses six questions related to liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill adults. It is the result of a collaborative effort between the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians.Methods: A multidisciplinary panel posed six clinical questions in a Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes format. A comprehensive literature search and evidence synthesis was performed for each question, which included appraising the certainty in the evidence (i.e., the quality of evidence) using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. The Evidence-to-Decision framework was applied to each question, requiring the panel to evaluate and weigh the importance of the problem, the confidence in the evidence, the certainty about how much the public values the main outcomes, the magnitude and balance of desirable and undesirable outcomes, the resources and costs associated with the interventi...

Official Executive Summary of an American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Miguel Ferrer

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

An Official American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults. Rehabilitation Protocols, Ventilator Liberation Protocols, and Cuff Leak Tests

Official Executive Summary of an American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults