https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)68383-9.pdf

Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, challenges, and change in the era of antiretroviral treatment.

Examining attribution model of self-stigma on social support and psychological well-being among people with HIV+/AIDS

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the first phase of eight methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in China. Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Methods: Three surveys of clients attending the first phase of eight MMT clinics were carried out at entry, and 6 and 12 months after enrolment. Drug using behaviours, drugrelated criminal activity, and relationships with families were compared for the three periods. Blood specimen were collected and tested for HIV for each client at entry, and HIV-negative clients were re-tested after 12 months. Results: A total of 585, 609 and 468 clients participated in the first, second and third surveys,respectively. The proportion of clients who injecteddrugs reduced from 69.1to 8.9 and 8.8%, and the frequency of injection in the past month had reduced from 90 times per month to twice per month, employment increased from 22.9 to 43.2 and 40.6%, and self-reported criminal behaviours reduced from 20.7 to 3.6 and 3.8% in the three surveys. By the third survey, 65.8% of clients reported a harmonious relationship with families, an increase from 46.8% at entry, and 95.9% of clients were satisfied with MMT services. Eight HIV seroconversions were found among 1153 clients during 12 months. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the first phase MMT contributed to a reduction in drug use, drug injecting behaviours, drug-related criminal behaviours, HIV infections, and improved relationships within families among heroin users who participated in the MMT programme. MMT needs to be scaled up nationwide rapidly with improved services. 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Effectiveness of first eight methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China

Objective:To investigate the incidence rates of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among injection drug users (IDU) in a drug trafficking city in southwest China.Design:A prospective cohort study.Methods:A cohort of 333 HIV-seronegative IDU was followed for 36 months from Nove

Incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses among injection drug users in southwestern China: a 3-year follow-up study.

Access to harm reduction services in Atlantic Canada: implications for non-urban residents who inject drugs.

Aims To determine the HIV-1 seroprevalence, risk behaviors and demographic characteristics associated with HIV-1 infection among injection drug users (IDU) in rural Guangxi, China. Design and setting Between July and November 2002, 702 IDU were screened for HIV-1 antibody through community outreach in rural Guangxi, China for enrollment in an HIV sero-incidence study. Participants A total of 702 active high-risk IDU were screened. High-risk injection was defined as anyone who reported injecting drugs at least three times per week in the last month or injected drugs with shared equipment on at least three occasions in the last 3 months. Measurements HIV-1 antibody testing with confirmation by Western blot was performed on all subjects. Demographic and risk assessment survey data were collected at screening from everyone whose baseline HIV antibody status was known. Findings HIV-1 antibody prevalence among 702 IDU at baseline was 25% with a median age of 26.7 years (18.2‐43.2). Based on a multivariate logistic regression model using risk factors identified in univariate analyses, the following risk factors were associated significantly with an increase in risk for HIV seropositivity: age > 26 years (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.04, 2.17), sharing of rinse water (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.09, 1.40), not having sex in the last 6 months (OR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.08, 2.43). Conclusions HIV infection among IDU in Guangxi, one of China’s major HIV epidemic regions, is high and the infection occurs predominantly among older IDU males who share rinse water.

HIV prevalence among injection drug users in rural Guangxi China.

Background: A prospective observational study of HIV seroincidence among high-risk injection drug users (IDU) was carried out in Guangxi, China. The primary objectives of this study were (1) to estimate HIV seroincidence, (2) to estimate participant retention rate, and (3) to evaluate changes in drug use and sexual behavior over a one year period. Methods: Five hundred HIV seronegative IDU were enrolled. HIV-1 incidence and retention rates were analyzed as a function of sociodemographic, behavioral, and recruitment variables. Changes in drug use and sexual behavior were analyzed at the baseline, 6-monfh and 12-monfh follow-up visits. Results: At 12 months of follow-up, the HIV-1 incidence rate was 3.1 per 100 person years, [95% CI: (1.6%; 5.2%)] and participant retention rate was 87%. Reported changes in high-risk behaviors over 12-monfhs included significant decreases in the frequency of heroin injection, in direct or indirect sharing of injection equipment, and in the number of sexual partners....

HIV incidence, retention, and changes of high-risk behaviors among rural injection drug users in Guangxi, China

Erratum: HIV prevalence among injection drug users in rural Guangxi China (Addiction (2006) 101, (1493-1498))

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HIV prevalence among injection drug users in rural Guangxi China.

HIV incidence, retention, and changes of high-risk behaviors among rural injection drug users in Guangxi, China

Erratum: HIV prevalence among injection drug users in rural Guangxi China (Addiction (2006) 101, (1493-1498))