We explore a new type of domain wall structure in ultrathin films with perpendicular anisotropy, that is influenced by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction due to the adjacent layers. This study is performed by numerical and analytical micromagnetics. We show that these walls can behave like Neel walls with very high stability, moving in stationary conditions at large velocities under large fields. We discuss the relevance of such walls, that we propose to call Dzyaloshinskii domain walls, for current-driven domain wall motion under the spin Hall effect.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/100/57002/pdf

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films

The creation of practical devices based on magnetic skyrmions depends on the development of methods to create and control stable individual skyrmions. Here, the authors present a bilayer device that uses dipolar interactions to stabilize skyrmions that can be manipulated…

/pdf/current-induced-skyrmion-generation-and-dynamics-in-33mc3duxk5.pdf

Current-induced skyrmion generation and dynamics in symmetric bilayers.

Noncollinear spin textures in ferromagnetic ultrathin films are currently the subject of renewed interest since the discovery of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). This antisymmetric exchange interaction selects a given chirality for the spin textures and allows stabilizing configurations with nontrivial topology including chiral domain walls (DWs) and magnetic skyrmions. Moreover, it has many crucial consequences on the dynamical properties of these topological structures. In recent years, the study of noncollinear spin textures has been extended from single ultrathin layers to magnetic multilayers with broken inversion symmetry. This extension of the structures in the vertical dimension allows room temperature stability and very efficient current-induced motion for both Neel DWs and skyrmions. We show how, in these multilayered systems, the interlayer interactions can actually lead to hybrid chiral magnetization arrangements. The described thickness-dependent reorientation of DWs is experimentally confirmed by studying demagnetized multilayers through circular dichroism in x-ray resonant magnetic scattering. We also demonstrate a simple yet reliable method for determining the magnitude of the DMI from static domain measurements even in the presence of these hybrid chiral structures by taking into account the actual profile of the DWs. The existence of these novel hybrid chiral textures has far-reaching implications on how to stabilize and manipulate DWs, as well as skymionic structures in magnetic multilayers.

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/4/7/eaat0415.full.pdf

Hybrid chiral domain walls and skyrmions in magnetic multilayers

The high-frequency susceptibility spectra of ferromagnetic films supporting a weak-stripe-domain structure are computed using a 2D dynamic micromagnetic model that we have developed The existence of multiple resonances resulting from the excitation of surface and volume modes is predicted The main features of spectra (number of resonances, resonance frequencies, intensities, and linewidths) strongly depend on the equilibrium spin configuration and on the rf exciting field orientation These theoretical results are successfully compared with zero-field microwave permeability measurements

Magnetic excitations in a weak-stripe-domain structure: A 2D dynamic micromagnetic approach

Using numerical micromagnetics we have studied the ground state magnetization distribution of square planar ferromagnetic elements (“nanostructures”). As the element size is reduced from 250 to 2 nm at constant thickness (2–35 nm), we find that the magnetization distribution undergoes up to three phase transitions involving as many as three different near single domain states. One of these phase transitions is analogous to the reorientation phase transition observed in continuous ultrathin magnetic films.

Phase transitions in planar magnetic nanostructures

Several different soft magnetic materials have been investigated by means of Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) using commercial Atomic Force Microscope (Nanoscope III) with slope detection. The observed contrast of basically solenoidal magnetization distributions in nanocrystalline Fe-Permalloy multilayer and single-layer Permalloy thin film elements not only reveals wall locations, and thus the subdivision of the magnetic volume into domains, but also a decomposition into subdomains hitherto undocumented. A strong influence of roughness on the magnetic fine structure is also demonstrated. Additional observations of the classical lancets of Goss texture in bulk Iron confirm the fact that the symmetries of the observed contrast are consistent with those of pendicular component of magnetization within a volume close to the sample surface. >

A magnetic force microscopy analysis of soft thin film elements

We study the magnetic domain wall structure in magnetic bilayers (two ultrathin ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer) with perpendicular magnetization. Combining magnetic force and ballistic electron emission microscopies, we are able to reveal the details of the magnetic structure of the wall with a high spatial accuracy. In these layers, we show that the classical Bloch wall observed in single layers transforms into superposed Neel walls due to the magnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic layers. Quantitative agreement with micromagnetic calculations is achieved.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/91/17009/pdf

Domain wall structure in magnetic bilayers with perpendicular anisotropy

We study the magnetic domain wall structure in magnetic bilayers (two ultrathin ferromagnetic layers separated by a non magnetic spacer) with perpendicular magnetization. Combining magnetic force and ballistic electron emission microscopies, we are able to reveal the details of the magnetic structure of the wall with a high spatial accuracy. In these layers, we show that the classical Bloch wall observed in single layers transforms into superposed N\'eel walls due to the magnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic layers. Quantitative agreement with micromagnetic calculations is achieved.

Micromagnetic numerical computations are used to simulate the equilibrium magnetization distribution within (periodic) stripe patterns in thin films with a canted easy axis and intermediate quality factor. Two thicknesses are considered, either close to the critical thickness for domain nucleation in zero field or in fair excess of this last quantity. Several micromagnetic structural transitions are observed to take place under the action of an external field applied along the stripe’s elongation direction. The computed intrinsic hysteresis curves prove to be in excellent agreement with experimental data, provided some degree of heterogeneous nucleation is accounted for. Although all computed equilibrium structures are homotopic to a point, transient magnetization distributions are shown to be just filling the order parameter space. For this reason, the transitions and the intrinsic hysteresis phenomena are termed quasi‐topological.

Strong stripes as a paradigm of quasi‐topological hysteresis

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Papers

A magnetic force microscopy analysis of soft thin film elements

Domain wall structure in magnetic bilayers with perpendicular anisotropy

Domain wall structure in magnetic bilayers with perpendicular anisotropy

Strong stripes as a paradigm of quasi‐topological hysteresis