Self-Directed Learning, A Guide for Learners and Teachers

A concise and factual abstract is required (of between 100-200 words). The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. Graphical abstract Although a graphical abstract is optional, its use is encouraged as it draws more attention to the online article. The graphical abstract should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a separate file in the online submission system. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimum

English for Specific Purposes

Learning by teaching.

Few would dispute the need for students of scientific disciplines to learn English. The teaching of English to scientists whose first language is not English is essentially utilitarian. The learners need English as a means of doing their work efficiently and of furthering their specialist education, and the language is not taught with a general educational aim in mind, as a cultural or social experience. As suggested by its name, English for specific purposes (ESP) covers both the common nucleus?the basic categories and patterns of communication and structure of the English language?and variations relevant to the specific use. Furthermore, the variety of uses to which English is put in different countries and the different degrees of proficiency required make it essential to consider each group of users in each country separately.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/2/6187/431.full.pdf

Teaching English for specific purposes.

The hotel industry in Pakistan makes up a very important part of the service sector. This industry demands highly developed communication skills from its employees, as 5-star hotels deal with guests from foreign countries as a routine matter. This study explored the specific language needs of students in the hotel industry in Pakistan and evaluated a textbook to determine its pedagogical value and suitability for subject-specific communicative needs. The sample consisted of 10 professionals and 40 students from Lahore and Gujrat (Pakistan), where the subject is being taught. A questionnaire was designed to explore the language needs of students, whereas the professionals were interviewed. The findings highlighted the communicative activities and language skills required by the students. Recommendations are made to consider these communicative activities and skills while designing English language courses for the hotel industry. Moreover, fostering autonomy through learning strategies is also accen...

Exploring English Language Needs in the Hotel Industry in Pakistan: An Evaluation of Existing Teaching Material

The aim of this research was to investigate hotel employees' attitudes toward two components in an 8-week course of English studies. One component was hotel English, the other general English. The course content was jointly negotiated with the participants. There were 10 participants from a five-star hotel with the majority working in the food and beverage department. Before the course started a small Needs Analysis was given to the participants and they were also interviewed. Each week both components were taught on differing days. After each class there were either questionnaires or class discussions on what the participants had studied that day. At the end of the course there was a final questionnaire on both components. The findings of this research paper are that the participants' attitudes toward both components did not differ significantly. The management of the hotel preferred to concentrate on just specific English due to the main constraints of time and money. Satisfaction with the ESP component was high however; it was found that the majority of participants wanted to learn general English. There was evidence from the research study that participants appreciated the broader range of topics studied in the general English component. This research paper supports the view that general English empowers students within the EOP domain and that courses should be designed with not just the stakeholders' more

An evaluation of students' attitudes to the general english and specific components of their course: a case study of hotel employees in chiang mai, thailand.

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An evaluation of students' attitudes to the general english and specific components of their course: a case study of hotel employees in chiang mai, thailand.