Determining the spatial scale for conservation purposes – an example with grizzly bears

The Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System (INLAS) links a number of resource, disturbance, and landscape simulations models to examine the interactions of vegeta-tive succession, management, and disturbance with policy goals. The effects of natural disturbance like wildfire, herbivory, forest insects and diseases, as well as specific management actions are included. The outputs from simulations illustrate potential changes in aquatic conditions and terrestrial habitat, potential for wood utilization, and socioeconomic opportunities. The 14 chapters of this document outline the current state of knowledge in each of the areas covered by the INLAS project and describe the objectives and organization of the project. The project explores ways to integrate the effects of natural disturbances and management into planning and policy analyses; illustrate potential conflicts among current policies, natural distrubances, and management activities; and explore the policy, economics, and ecological constraints associated with the application of effective fuel treatments on midscale landscapes in the interior Northwest. Abstract The concept of a process for evaluating policy direction and management options for subbasin-size landscapes in the interior West evolved from the Pacific Northwest Research Station's Research Initiative for Improving Forest Ecosystem Health and Productivity in Eastern Oregon and Washington. The Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System (INLAS) project was initiated to explore this concept and began with meetings of resource managers and scientists from various disciplines and institutions. This group suggested ways to build an integrated set of tools and methods for addressing resource management questions on large, multiowner landscapes. The papers in this volume are the outcome of these meetings and document our initial approach to developing an integrated landscape analysis framework. Collectively, the papers illustrate the diversity of methods for modeling different resources and reflect the inherent complexity of linking models to create a functional framework for integrated resource analysis. We are still a long way from a perfect tool, the linkages among the chapters are not always apparent, and integration issues have not been consistently addressed. We cannot yet address the interrelationships between many key natural and anthropomorphic processes on large landscapes. We also found that integration forced scientists to generalize relationships and to summarize detailed research findings in order to incorporate their disciplines at the landscape scale of the INLAS framework. With a growing interest in integrated natural resource modeling, we concluded that, despite the fact that we have not solved all the problems associated with integrating information from different scientific disciplines, …

https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr610.pdf

Methods for integrated modeling of landscape change: Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System.

We used mark-recapture methods to monitor Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and their nests over 12 yr in an increasing sample of breeding territories (37 in 1991 to 121 in 2002) in northern Arizona. As many as 8 yr of repeated nest searching were required to identify the population of breeders, as individuals skipped egg-laying on territories for up to 7 consecutive yr. Extensive temporal (within territory) and spatial (among territory) variation in reproduction and a high annual frequency of movements among dispersed alternate nests in territories made finding and monitoring goshawks problematic. Low detectability of nonbreeding goshawks (combined with uncertainties stemming from variations in breeding and use of alternate nests) made it difficult to categorize territories unequivocally as ‘‘unoccupied’’ by goshawks in non-egg-laying years. Temporal and spatial variation in reproduction required large numbers of territories to attain reliable estimates of reproduction of goshawks; such estimates were achieved only when samples approached or exceeded 60–100 territories. Our within-territory goshawk searching protocol, designed to increase the low and variable detectability of goshawks, required extensive sampling efforts to detect among-alternate nests movements. In lieu of such efforts, samples of territories occupied by goshawks may ‘‘decay’’ over time and lead to false inferences of population declines. Low detectability, variations in breeding, and large samples require that demographic and habitat studies of goshawks employ intensive and repeated searches for goshawks in large study areas over at least 8 yr.

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2005_reynolds_r001.pdf

Sampling considerations for demographic and habitat studies of Northern Goshawks

Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is a large, endangered forest grouse species with narrow habitat preferences and large spatial requirements that make it susceptible to habitat changes at different spatial scales. Our aim was to evaluate the relative power of variables relating to forest versus landscape structure in predicting capercaillie occurrence at different spatial scales. We investigated capercaillie–habitat relationships at the scales of forest stand and forest-stand mosaic in 2 Swiss regions. We assessed forest structure from aerial photographs in 52 study plots each 5 km2. We classified plots into one of 3 categories denoting the observed local population trend (stable, declining, extinct), and we compared forest structure between categories. At the stand scale, we used presence–absence data for grid cells within the plots to build predictive habitat models based on logistic regression. At this scale, habitat models that included only variables relating to forest structure explained the...

Forest and Landscape Structure as Predictors of Capercaillie Occurrence

We used radiotelemetry to examine foraging habitat preferences of 17 breeding, male northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) in Minnesota from 1998–2000. We assessed habitat preference using radio relocation points and 50-m radius buffers of radio relocation points. Our data suggested that foraging male goshawks used early-successional upland conifer stands (≥25 yrs old), early-successional upland deciduous stands (≥50 yrs old), late-successional upland conifer stands (≥50 yrs old), and late-successional upland deciduous stands (≥50 yrs old) more frequently than expected based on the abundance of these vegetation types in the landscape. The 2 most available stand types, early-successional upland deciduous (<25 yrs old) and all ages of late-successional lowland conifer stands, were used less than expected by foraging goshawks. Late-successional lowland deciduous stands (≥50 yrs old) were used in proportion to availability. Although analysis of relocation points suggested early-successional upland de...

Foraging and nesting habitat of breeding male northern goshawks in the laurentian mixed forest province, minnesota

We compared northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) nesting habitat within 1 ha of nest sites and at landscape scales of 10, 30, 60, 83, 120, 150, and 170 ha in 4 study areas east of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington. Our objective was to describe goshawk nesting habitat at biologically relevant scales and to develop models capable of assessing the effects of forest management alternatives on habitat suitability. We evaluated habitat at 82 active goshawk nests and 95 random sites. Productivity (young fledged per nest) was evaluated at 81 nests. We collected data on forest structure within 1 ha of nests and random points. At scales ranging from 10 to 170 ha, we recorded the abundance and spatial distribution of several forest stages of stand development (i.e., stand initiation, stem exclusion, understory reinitiation, old growth) on aerial photographs. We used logistic regression and classification and regression trees (CART) to (1) evaluate habitat selection, (2) construct models to calculate the probability of nesting, and (3) explore relationships between reproductive output and habitat conditions. We assessed model accuracy via bootstrap and jackknife cross-validation techniques. By examining goshawk habitat relationships at multiple spatial scales across several study areas, we detected unifying spatial patterns and structural conditions surrounding goshawk nesting habitat. Our ability to discriminate goshawk nest sites from available habitat decreased as landscape scale increased, and different factors influenced goshawks at different scales. The presence and arrangement of forest structural types interacted to influence site suitability for nesting. At the 1-ha scale, the stage of stand development (i.e., stand initiation, stem exclusion, understory reinitiation, old growth), low topographic position, and tree basal area reliably discriminated between nests and random sites. Low topographic position and basal area were more influential than stand structure. At the landscape scale, modeling indicated that conditions at different scales interact to influence selection of habitat for nesting. A core area exists surrounding goshawk nests in which stem exclusion and understory reinitiation stands with canopy closure ≥50% serve as apparent protection against potentially detrimental effects associated with more open forest (e.g., predators and micro-climate). Among several models tested, the model that best discriminated between nests and random sites encompassed 83 ha surrounding the nest and incorporated habitat characteristics from multiple scales nested within that range. This model had a cross-validated classification accuracy of 75%. Positive correlations were found between fledging rate and tree basal area within 1 ha of the nest (F 3, 77 = 2.89, P=0.0407), and between fledging rate and the percentage of landscape occupied by stem exclusion stands of low canopy closure (i.e., 60 ha (F 3, 77 , 0.041 ≤ P ≤ 0.089). Spatial modeling also showed that timber harvest can be managed to maintain or enhance goshawk nest site suitability over time in the Interior Northwest, and that a non-harvest strategy can be just as detrimental to nesting habitat as can be aggressive, maximum-yield forestry.

Spatially explicit influences on northern goshawk nesting habitat in the interior pacific northwest

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Spatially explicit influences on northern goshawk nesting habitat in the interior pacific northwest