Attachment--and loss.

Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. 2004. New York. Penguin Books. 448 pages. ISBN: 0143035592 (paper).

Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire

Ecological Engineering: Journal of Ecotechnology. Editor-in-chief William J. Mitsch. Elsevier. 4/yr. DFL 361, $195.

Science in action

ION, GENERAL CONCEPTIONS, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, MENTAL INDIVIDUALITY. It would be very difficult for any one with even much more knowledge than I possess, to determine how far animals exhibit any traces of these high mental powers. This difficulty arises from the impossibility of judging what passes through the mind of an animal; and again, the fact that writers differ to a great extent in the meaning which they attribute to the above terms, causes a further difficulty. If one may judge from various articles which have been published lately, the greatest stress seems to be laid on the supposed entire absence in animals of the power of abstraction, or of forming general concepts. But when a dog sees another dog at a distance, it is often clear that he perceives that it is a dog in the abstract; for when he gets nearer his whole manner suddenly changes, if the other dog be a friend. A recent writer remarks, that in all such cases it is a pure assumption to assert that the mental act is not essentially of the same nature in the animal as in man. If either refers what he perceives with his senses to a mental concept, then so do both. (44. Mr. Hookham, in a letter to Prof. Max Muller, in the 'Birmingham News,' May, 1873.) When I say to my terrier, in an eager voice (and I have made the trial many times), "Hi, hi, where is it?" she at once takes it as a sign that something is to be hunted, and generally first looks quickly all around, and then rushes into the nearest thicket, to scent for any game, but finding nothing, she looks up into any neighbouring tree for a squirrel. Now do not these actions clearly shew that she had in her mind a general idea or concept that some animal is to be discovered and hunted? It may be freely admitted that no animal is self-conscious, if by this term it is implied, that he reflects on such points, as whence he comes or whither he will go, or what is life and death, and so forth. But how can we feel sure that an old dog with an excellent memory and some power of imagination, as shewn by his dreams, never reflects on his past pleasures or pains in the chase? And this would be a form of self-consciousness. On the other hand, as Buchner (45. 'Conferences sur la Theorie Darwinienne,' French translat. 1869, p. 132.) has remarked, how little can the hardworked wife of a degraded Australian savage, who uses very few abstract words, and cannot count above four, exert her self-consciousness, or reflect on the nature of her own existence. It is generally admitted, that the higher animals possess memory, attention, association, and even some imagination and reason. If these powers, which differ much in different animals, are capable of improvement, there seems no great improbability in more complex faculties, such as the higher forms of abstraction, and selfconsciousness, etc., having been evolved through the development and combination of the simpler ones. It has been urged against the views here maintained that it is impossible to say at what point in the ascending scale animals become capable of abstraction, etc.; but who can say at what age this occurs in our young children? We see at least that such powers

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1887/22/257/22_257_458/_pdf

The descent of man and selection in relation to sex

W ith the banking crisis and the credit crunch of 2007-8, and their economic repercussions around the globe, the system of neoliberalism, or global free-market capitalism, that has come to dominate the world in the three decades since 1980, has imploded. As the scale of toxic debt became evident, credit and inter-bank lending dried up, spending slowed, output declined and unemployment rose. The system’s vastly inflated financial sectors, which speculate in assets largely unrelated to the real economy of goods and services, precipitated an economic crisis whose catastrophic consequences are still unfolding.

After neoliberalism: analysing the present

Contemporary theories of individualisation (Beck 1992; Giddens 1991,
1992) argue that modern society is giving a new importance to individuals.
Where earlier agrarian and industrial societies provided social scripts,
which most individuals were expected to follow, contemporary societies
throw more responsibility on to individuals to choose their own identities.
Social structures-classes, extended families, occupational communities,
long-term employment within a firm-which formerly provided strong
frames of identity, grow weaker. Simultaneously, society exposes
individuals to bombardments of information, alternative versions of how
life might be lived, and requires of individuals that they construct an
‘authentic’ version of themselves, making use of the numerous
identityprops which consumer-society makes available. The transition
from The Hidden Injuries of Class (1972) in Richard Sennett and Jonathan
Cobb’s classic book of that title, to Sennett’s recent study of the children of
that generation The Corrosion of Character (1998) provides one description
of this transition, which Sennett represents as involving as much loss as
gain in terms of psychic and moral wellbeing.

Reflections on the biographical turn in social science

Thrive: the power of evidence-based psychological therapies

In his chapter ‘Education and British Society’ in The Long Revolution, Raymond Williams describes the development of schooling in Britain as the outcome of struggles and compromises between three different traditions.1 The first of these was that of the ‘democratic educator’, the second that of the ‘industrial trainer’, while the third was that of ‘old humanism’ the commitment to preserve and sustain

The neoliberal university and its alternatives

Preface. Introduction: Welfare, culture and Europe. Richard Freeman, Edinburgh University, and Michael Rustin, University of East London. Part I: From welfare to culture. Introduction to Part I. Prue Chamberlayne, University of East London. 1. Social work and cultural politics: The paradox of German social pedagogy. Walter Lorenz, University College of Cork. 2. The traumatic dismantling of welfare: The Swedish model in global culture. Martin Peterson, University of Goteborg. 3. On being a social worker: Globalization and the new subjectivities. Steve Trevillion, Brunel University. 4. Social services and contrary cultures. John Baldock, University of Kent. Part II. Researching welfare as culture. Introduction to Part II. Andrew Cooper, Tavistock Clinic and University of East London. 5. Anxiety and child protection work in two national systems. Andrew Cooper, Tavistock Clinic and University of East London. 6. Parents' experiences of child welfare in England and France: Getting help and having rights. Rachel Hetherington, Brunel University. 7. Family relationships in democtatic Spain: Cultural change from a biographical perspective. Elisabet Tejero and Laura Torrabdella, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. 8. Cultural analysis of the informal sphere. Prue Chamberlayne, University of East London. 9. The Catholic Church and social policy in Europe. Michael Hornsby-Smith, University of Surrey. 10. Structural and cultural dimensions of poverty in Italy: The implications for social policies. Antonella Spano, Uinversita degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II. Part III: Theorizing welfare as culture. Introduction to Part III. Michael Rustin, University of East London. 11. Habermas on discursive consensus: Rethinking the welfare state in the face of cultural pluralism. Samantha Ashenden, Birbeck College. 12. Cultural perspectives and welfare regimes: The contributions of Foucault and Lefebvre. Caroline Knowles, University of Southampton. 13. Missing dimensions in the culture of welfare. Michael Rustin, University of East London. 14. Conclusion: A new culture if welfare. Richard Freeman, Prue Chamberlayne, Andrew Cooper and Michael Rustin. List of Contributors. Subject Index. Author Index.

Welfare and culture in Europe : towards a new paradigm in social policy

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