http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/~clark/vmrl/web-content/papers/jjclark_vr_22_2002.pdf

Microsaccades as an overt measure of covert attention shifts.

On-line eye movement recording of 12 subjects who read short stories on a cathode ray tube enabled a test of direct control and preprogramming models of eye movements in reading. Contingent upon eye position, a mask was displayed in place of the letters in central vision after each saccade, delaying the onset of the stimulus in each eye fixation. The duration of the delay was manipulated in fixed or randomized blocks. Although the length of the delay strongly affected the duration of the fixations, there was no difference due to the conditions of delay manipulation, indicating that fixation duration is under direct control. However, not all fixations were lengthened by the period of the delay. Some ended while the mask was still present, suggesting they had been preprogrammed. But these "anticipation" eye movements could not have been completely determined before the fixation was processed because their fixation durations and saccade lengths were affected by the spatial extent of the mask, which varied randomly. Neither preprogramming nor existing serial direct control models of eye guidance can adequately account for these data. Instead, a model with direct control and parallel programming of saccades is proposed to explain the data and eye movements in reading in general.

https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2722&context=dissertations_1

Manipulation of stimulus onset delay in reading: evidence for parallel programming of saccades.

A window or visual mask as moved across text in synchrony with the reader's eye movements. The size of the window or mask was varied so that either information in foveal or parafoveal vision was masked on each fixation. In another experiment, the onset of the mask was delayed for a certain amount of time following the end of the saccade. The results of the experiments point out the relative importance of foveal and parafoveal vision for reading and further indicate that most of the visual information necessary for reading can be acquired during the first 50 msec that information is available during an eye fixation.

Masking of foveal and parafoveal vision during eye fixations in reading.

Major advances characterize the Generation-V dual-Purkinje-image eyetracker compared with the Generation-III version previously described. These advances include a large reduction in size, major improvements in frequency response and noise level, automatic alignment to a subject, and automatic adjustment for different separation between the visual and optic axes, which can vary considerably from subject to subject. In a number of applications described in the paper, the eyetracker is coupled with other highly specialized optical devices. These applications include accurately stabilizing an image on a subject's retina; accurately simulating a visually dead retinal region (i.e., a scotoma) of arbitrary shape, size, and position; and, for clinical purposes, stabilizing the position of a laser coagulator beam on a patient's retina so that the point of contact is unaffected by the patient's own eye movements.

Generation-V dual-Purkinje-image eyetracker

We present a catalogue of low-mass X-ray binaries. The catalogue is an updated version of the catalogue of van Paradijs (1995). This new catalogue contains 150 sources, 31 new low-mass X-ray binaries in addition to the 119 sources listed in van Paradijs' catalogue. The aim of this catalogue is to help the reader gain easy access to the recent literature (up to about August 2000) on individual sources, and to provide of some basic information on the X-ray sources and their counterparts in other wavelength ranges (UV, optical, IR, and radio). In cases where there is some doubt about the low-mass nature of the X-ray binary, this is mentioned. In an appendix we list the Anomalous X-ray Pulsars (AXPs), which nowadays are no longer thought to be low-mass X-ray binaries.

/pdf/a-catalogue-of-low-mass-x-ray-binaries-tb6g9n68ps.pdf

A catalogue of low-mass X-ray binaries

A 3-D visual stimulus deflector has been designed so that a subject can view any stimulus pattern or object through it, and the pattern (up to 25° in diameter) can be moved over a range of 40° horizontally and 30° vertically. The optical distance of the object being viewed can be changed over a 15-diopter range, while the brightness and visual angle subtended by the object remain fixed. Further, the observer can view the object through a pupil of any desired shape and transmittance. Horizontal and vertical movements are independent, with time delays of 1 msec and a response range from dc to 200 Hz. Focus change is independent of lateral field motion and has a time delay of 12 msec and a maximum slewing rate of approximately 40 diopters/sec. Two such devices can be aligned side by side in a binocular configuration for independent 3-D control of the fixation of each eye.

Three-dimensional visual stimulus deflector

Computer simulation of biological models using the Inners approach.

The principle and operation of a two-dimensional eye tracker is described. The instrument makes use of the first and fourth Purkinje images to determine both eye position and direction of gaze. There is no physical contact with the eye. It is as accurate and as convenient to use as any previously used eye movement monitor.

/pdf/a-two-dimensional-purkinje-eye-tracker-fclln8zf4s.pdf

A two-dimensional Purkinje eye tracker

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Three-dimensional visual stimulus deflector

Computer simulation of biological models using the Inners approach.

A two-dimensional Purkinje eye tracker