Cultural heritage is a crucial resource to increase our society's resilience. However, degradation processes, enhanced by environmental and anthropic risks, inevitably affect works of art, hindering their accessibility and socioeconomic value. In response, interfacial and colloidal chemistry has proposed valuable solutions over the past decades, overcoming the limitations of traditional restoration materials and granting cost- and time-effective remedial conservation of the endangered artifacts. Ranging from inorganic nanoparticles to hybrid composites and soft condensed matter (gels, microemulsions), a wide palette of colloidal systems has been made available to conservators worldwide, targeting the consolidation, cleaning, and protection of works of art. The effectiveness and versatility of the proposed solutions allow the safe and effective treatment of masterpieces belonging to different cultural and artistic productions, spanning from classic ages to the Renaissance and modern/contemporary art. Despite these advancements, the formulation of materials for the preservation of cultural heritage is still an open, exciting field, where recent requirements include coping with the imperatives of the Green Deal to foster the production of sustainable, low-toxicity, and environmentally friendly systems. This review gives a critical overview starting from pioneering works up to the latest advancements in colloidal systems for art conservation, a challenging topic where effective solutions can be transversal to multiple sectors even beyond cultural heritage preservation, from the pharmaceutical and food industry, to cosmetics, tissue engineering, and detergency. 

From Nanoparticles to Gels: A Breakthrough in Art Conservation Science

The NESC– IV project addressed the transferability of fracture toughness data from laboratory specimens to applications that assess the integrity of reactor pressure vessels subjected to upset and normal loading transients. The main focus was six biaxial bend cruciform tests of surface-breaking semi-elliptic defects in a reactor pressure vessel longitudinal weld and four uniaxial tests on extended sub-clad defects in adjacent plate material. The experimental/analytical program drew from major elements of the US Heavy Steel Technology Program. Extensive materials testing and fracture analyses were performed by 20 European organisations, coordinated by the Network for Evaluating Structural Components (NESC). The mission of the Joint Research Centre is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests, whether private or national.

NESC-IV Project: an Investigation of the Transferability of Master Curve Technology to Shallow Flaws in Reactor Pressure Vessel Applications - Final Report

Ce memoire de these presente l'etude de la propagation et de l'arret d'une fissure de clivage dans un acier de cuve REP. Une bonne comprehension des phenomenes en jeu necessite de solides donnees experimentales, ainsi qu'un outil de modelisation performant. La methode X-FEM est implantee dans Cast3m, permettant de simuler efficacement la propagation de fissure par elements finis. Deux techniques concernant l'actualisation des fonctions de niveau, ainsi qu'une integration non conforme sont proposees. La campagne d'essais de propagation de fissure concerne trois geometries : des eprouvettes CT, et des anneaux comprimes en mode I et mixte. On releve les vitesses de propagation. Des fractographies designent le clivage comme responsable de la ruine. Un modele de propagation base sur la contrainte principale en pointe de fissure est identifie. La contrainte critique de clivage depend de la vitesse de sollicitation. Ce modele permet de predire precisement par la simulation numerique, le comportement de la fissure observe experimentalement.

Modélisation avec la méthode X-FEM de la propagation dynamique et de l'arrêt de fissure de clivage dans un acier de cuve REP

An experimental investigation of the effect of biaxial loading on the master curve transition temperature in RPV steels

Multi-axial brittle failure criterion using Weibull stress for open Kelvin cell foams

The aim of the VOCALIST analytical work of the European Commission Project VOCALIST [1] is to analyze the different constraint conditions of tested specimens and to develop a method to describe and predict the constraint dependent shift of the transition temperature T0 for the analyzed specimens. This document describes the analytical work performed within VOCALIST for the biaxial loaded cruciform bend specimens at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) USA and FRAMATOME-ANP (FANP) Germany.

Effect of Shallow Flaws and Biaxial Loading on Transition Temperatures Using a Weibull Stress Model

Within the European Network NESC, the project NESC IV deals with constraint effects of cracks in large scale beam specimens, loaded by uni- or biaxial bending moments and containing surface or embedded cracks. The specimens are fabricated from original US RPV material, being cladded or cladding is removed. All large scale tests have been conducted at ORNL outside the NESC IV project. The outcome and the analyses of these uncladded and cladded beams containing the surface or embedded cracks are shown. By means of the finite element method, local approach methods and the Weibull stress models the specimens are analysed at the test temperatures and the probability of failure is calculated, taking into account constraint effects. For the case of the embedded cracks it turned out that the failure moment of the uncladded beam is 5% lower than the one of the cladded beam. Both crack fronts of the embedded crack are supposed to fail at the same failure moment. The results of the analysis of the cladded beam showed that the upper crack front nearer to the surface fails prior to the lower crack front, which is located deeper in the specimen (the failure moment is 5% lower). The numerical results agree very well with the experiments. The experimental failure moments could be well predicted and the failure scenario (which crack front fails first) could be determined. A theoretical shift in the transition temperature T0 due to constraint effects could be defined for both crack fronts.Copyright © 2004 by ASME

Application of a Weibull Stress Model to Predict the Failure of Surface and Embedded Cracks in Large Scale Beams Made of Clad and Unclad RPV Steel

In the standard test method for the determination of the reference temperature T0 in the transition range, ASTM E 1921-03 [1], the remark is given that different specimen types could lead to discrepancies in the calculated T0 values. Especially C(T) and SEN(B) specimens indicate by experimental evidence that a 10 °C to 15 °C difference in T0 has been observed. In the course of the European research project VOCALIST [2] a ferritic RPV steel has been investigated by conducting numerous fracture toughness experiments as well as intensive numerical studies. A local approach model based on the Weibull stress has been developed and calibrated for this material [3]. For the calculation of the constraint effect between SEN(B) and C(T) specimens with a crack to ligament ratio of approx. 0.5 the model has been applied to predict the constraint effects on fracture toughness and the resulting theoretical difference in the reference temperature T0 . For this purpose the according specimens have been calculated by several finite element models and a reference solution in the small scale yielding space allowed for the calculation of the “constraint free” reference transition temperature T0 . By means of theoretical constraint functions derived from the Weibull stress model, the difference for each specimen compared to the reference solution could be calculated. From the results a theoretical difference of ΔT0 = 10°C between SEN(B) (lower value) and C(T) specimens (higher value) caused by the different crack tip constraint has been obtained. This value confirms the experimental observations.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

Theoretical Underpinning of the Constraint Effect Between Deeply Cracked C(T)- and SEN(B) Specimens

Mineral nanoparticle suspensions with consolidating properties have been successfully applied in the restoration of weathered architectural surfaces. However, the design of these consolidants is usually stone-specific and based on trial and error, which prevents their robust operation for a wide range of highly heterogeneous monumental stone materials. In this work, we develop a facile and versatile method to systematically study the consolidating mechanisms in action using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) with real-time force sensing and an X-ray surface forces apparatus (X-SFA). We directly assess the mechanical tensile strength of nanosilica-treated single mineral contacts and show a sharp increase in their cohesion. The smallest used nanoparticles provide an order of magnitude stronger contacts. We further resolve the microstructures and forces acting during evaporation-driven, capillary-force-induced nanoparticle aggregation processes, highlighting the importance of the interactions between the nanoparticles and the confining mineral walls. Our novel SFA-based approach offers insight into nano- and microscale mechanisms of consolidating silica treatments, and it can aid the design of nanomaterials used in stone consolidation.

https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/10852/100838/1/acs.langmuir.2c00486.pdf

Cohesion Gain Induced by Nanosilica Consolidants for Monumental Stone Restoration

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Papers

Effect of Shallow Flaws and Biaxial Loading on Transition Temperatures Using a Weibull Stress Model

Application of a Weibull Stress Model to Predict the Failure of Surface and Embedded Cracks in Large Scale Beams Made of Clad and Unclad RPV Steel

Theoretical Underpinning of the Constraint Effect Between Deeply Cracked C(T)- and SEN(B) Specimens

Cohesion Gain Induced by Nanosilica Consolidants for Monumental Stone Restoration