NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

The circular economy (CE) concept is seen by many as a novel pathway to sustainable development. A few scholars have started outlining educational approaches and tools that lecturers can use to accelerate the transition towards a circular economy. This paper aims to contribute to this nascent body of literature on education for the circular economy (ECE) by describing and critically discussing a course designed to introduce undergraduates to the CE concept. The course design adopted the pedagogical principles of constructive alignment and problem-based learning, as well as interactivity, non-dogmatism, and reciprocity. Seven exercises were developed for it: a drill game, buzzword bingo, a teardown lab, an eco-industrial park simulation, policy instruments, a circular party and circular futures. The course received an excellent rating by the participating students (with feedback collected for each module at the end of every module as well as for the entire course at the end of the course). The ECE approach outlined in this paper can be utilized and further developed by lecturers keen to incorporate the CE concept into their teaching. Overall, this paper hopes to encourage lecturers to share additional best practices regarding CE teaching with the intention of fostering a discussion on how to best approach ECE.

Towards an Education for the Circular Economy (ECE): Five Teaching Principles and a Case Study

The Blue Economy is a recent field of study that encompasses economic activities that depend on the sea, often associated with other economic sectors, including tourism, maritime transport, energy and fishing. Blue growth supports the sustainable growth of the maritime and marine sectors as the oceans and seas are engines of the global economy and have great potential for growth and innovation. This article undertakes a bibliometric analysis in the terms of Blue Economy (BE), Maritime Economy (MAE), Ocean Economy (OE), Marine Economy (ME), and Blue Growth (BG) to analyze the scientific production of this field of study. Analysis of the authors’ definitions of BE, BG, ME and OE provides interesting relationships divided into sustainability and governance; economics and ecosystem protection; industrial development and localization; and the growth of the ocean economy, with development as the central axis that encompasses them. The main contribution is to find out if there is a link between the BE and the CE through the keyword study. The results show a significant increase in articles and citations over the last decade. The articles address the importance of different sectors of BE and the interest of governments in promoting it for the development of their national economies. Using bibliometric mapping tools (VOSviewer), it is possible to find possible links between concepts such as CE and BE through the BG and to visualize trending topics for future research. Nascent and future research trends include terms such as small-scale fisheries, aquatic species, biofuel, growth of the coastal BE, internationalization and blue degrowth (BD), the latter approaches aspects of BG from a critical perspective. In conclusion, it highlights the need for alliances between the sectors that compose BG with the incorporation of the CE in order to achieve a sustainable BE in both developed and developing countries. Through the keyword analysis it is shown that the BG strategy is the bridge between the BE and the CE. The CE presents itself as a promising alternative that could mitigate tensions between stakeholders who support both growth and degrowth positions.

/pdf/challenges-of-the-blue-economy-evidence-and-research-trends-9vjt2qh3l5.pdf

Challenges of the Blue Economy: evidence and research trends

Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior Geoffrey Miller Viking, 2009 A few minutes spent sitting in a Starbucks in Tokyo, Washington, D.C. or any big city, watching the pedestrians and the traffic will reveal that modern consumption goes way beyond satisfying basic requirements for survival and reproductive fitness. Diamond rings, fur coats, high-end smartphones, Hummer sport utility vehicles and $4 cups of coffee may be extravagant, empty consumerism, but selecting and acquiring goods and services is the means by which modern humans signal their reproductive fitness as well as convey significant psychological traits of the owners to observers. Geoffrey Miller, associate professor of psychology at the University of New Mexico, evaluates "consumerist capitalism" from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Consumerist behavior, wasteful and vacuous as it is on the surface, could be understood as trait-signaling. Rather than the crude Freudian innuendos generally favored by social psychologists, consumer behavior is mediated by adaptive behaviors which evolved over the millions of years humans spent as hunter-gatherers. Both modern technological and social developments are considered evolutionary novel and our "Stone Age" brains have not yet adapted to current conditions. Miller's book is written in a highly entertaining yet thought-provoking style. Consumerism is often described as the desire to "ornament" oneself with goods and services for the purpose of impressing others. However, Miller points out that consumerism goes well beyond fulfilling our own short-lived gratification, as outward signaling of our personality traits, the "Central Six", and reproductive fitness.12 Trait signaling in modern civilization has moved away from heritable phenotypes to externally produced objects and abstractions. In addition to goods and services, brand names by themselves can serve as trait signals. Recognition of brand names evokes robust activity in brain areas associated with cognition and reward.13 Depending on the perceived value of the brand, different areas of the brain are activated, suggesting differential effects on behavior. Consumerism allows anyone to signal desirable traits, whether they actually have them or not. Miller points out that as objects and abstractions acquire value as a means of displaying innate qualities, consumer goods acquire quasi-biological properties. Physical and mental traits evolved over time in response to natural and sexual selection. Likewise, consumer goods and brands have "evolved" over time but in response to consumer preferences. Akin to rare biological traits that signal high fitness, high cost and precision are essential characteristics that signal high quality consumer goods. In nature, costly and precise traits found in animals indicate diseaseresistance and health and serve as guarantees of fitness. In modern society, high-end products, such as foreign-made cars and electronics, alcoholic beverages, brand-name pharmaceuticals and college degrees from prestigious institutions, come with guarantees, either implied or explicit, to perform in a certain, consistent manner, and signal desirable traits such as high intelligence and conscientiousness. These high-end products also suggest that users become a part of an elite, like-minded group. Inevitably, there are individuals without desirable traits who will attempt to obtain high-value goods by any means. The huge market for "knock-offs," or counterfeits, attests to the power of brand names on the subconscious need to trait display, ultimately to signal reproductive fitness. Indeed, "tackiness" is the result of a clash between high-end signals and the absence of the underlying qualities associated with those goods (e.g. people with low-IQ/conscientious driving a Mercedes-Benz S-class sedan). To an outside observer, the disconnect between high-end signals and their unworthy owners can be amusing, and such deception may lead to social tension. …

Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior

Despite the potential of open innovation (OI) to reduce barriers to the adoption of the circular economy (CE), little is known about the integration of the two themes and how OI could contribute to a more sustainable economy. The objective of this study is to investigate how OI can contribute to the adoption of the CE.,This study adopts a systematic review of the literature sampled from the Scopus and Web of Science scientific databases.,The main findings of the study are (1) the utilization of OI within CE is still a recent phenomenon, one which emphasizes the collaboration between stakeholders and the co-creation approach; (2) the collaboration of stakeholders can be applied to align the objectives of interested parties, in a joint effort to resolve the environmental problems of the three levels of CE and (3) an action-creation approach can be adopted as a strategy to encourage the participation of consumers in the development of environmentally sustainable products, which may favor the transition to the CE.,The article presents the state of the art on the CE guided by OI, highlighting the opportunities and challenges of the correlation between the two themes. The article also shows the theoretical and practical implications for an OI-driven circular economy.

How can open innovation contribute to circular economy adoption? Insights from a literature review

“We don't have a waste problem, we have a design problem", say Michael Braungart and William McDonough, the principle architects of the cradle‐to-cradle concept (Braungart & McDonough, 2010). Our c...

Designing for the next (Circular) Economy. An appeal to renew the Curricula of Design Schools

Kreislaufwirtschaft in Design und Produktmanagement

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Designing for the next (Circular) Economy. An appeal to renew the Curricula of Design Schools

Kreislaufwirtschaft in Design und Produktmanagement