Laboratory experiments have shown certain fundamental relationships concerning the induction of a polarization potential on a metallic body in an electrolyte. The potential induced is a linear function of the potential drop across the body in the energizing field up to a saturation potential of 1.2 volts. Diffusion of ions and chemical action are the predominant factors which determine the rate of growth or decay of the polarization potential. Polarization occurs only at the boundaries of electrically conducting minerals. The results of the laboratory experiments provide an explanation of the induced polarization potential of a homogeneous, uniformly mineralized earth. This potential falls off as 1/r from a point electrode. Induced polarization susceptibility is defined and a method of analyzing field data is described. Field measurements over two mineralized zones (pyrrhotite and magnetite) substantiate the theory as developed.

Induced Polarization: a Method of Geophysical Prospecting.

https://pangea.stanford.edu/departments/geophysics/dropbox/SWP/publications/survey_geophysical_properties.pdf

A survey of the geophysical properties of chlorinated DNAPLs

Improving the delineation of hydrocarbon-impacted soils and water through induced polarization (IP) tomographies: A field study at an industrial waste land

This dissertation presents data processing techniques relevant to the acquisition, modeling, and inversion of self-potential data. The primary goal is to facilitate the interpretation of self-potentials in terms of the underlying mechanisms that generate the measured signal. The central component of this work describes a methodology for inverting self-potential data to recover the three-dimensional distribution of causative sources in the earth. This approach is general in that it is not specific to a particular forcing mechanism, and is therefore applicable to a wide variety of problems. Self-potential source inversion is formulated as a linear problem by seeking the distribution of source amplitudes within a discretized model that satisfies the measured data. One complicating factor is that the potentials are a function of the earth resistivity structure and the unknown sources. The influence of imperfect resistivity information in the inverse problem is derived, and illustrated through several synthetic examples. Source inversion is an ill-posed and non-unique problem, which is addressed by incorporating model regularization into the inverse problem. A non-traditional regularization method, termed “minimum support,” is utilized to recover a spatially compact source model rather than one that satisfies more commonly used smoothness constraints. Spatial compactness is often an appropriate form of prior information for the inverse source problem. Minimum support regularization makes the inverse problem non-linear, and therefore requires an iterative solution technique similar to iteratively re-weighted least squares (IRLS) methods. Synthetic and field data examples are studied to illustrate the efficacy of this method and the influence of noise, with applications to hydrogeologic and electrochemical self-potential source mechanisms. Finally, a novel technique for pre-processing self-potential data collected with arbitrarily complicated survey geometries is presented. This approach overcomes the inability of traditional processing methods to produce a unique map of the potential field when multiple lines of data form interconnected loops. The data are processed simultaneously to minimize mis-ties on a survey-wide basis using either an l2 or l1 measure of misfit, and simplifies to traditional methods in the absence of survey complexity. The l1 measure requires IRLS solution methods, but is more reliable in the presence of data outliers. Thesis Supervisor: Frank Dale Morgan Title: Professor of Geophysics

Modeling and Inversion of Self Potential Data

The influence of temperature on the dielectric permittivity and complex electrical resistivity of porous media saturated with DNAPLs: A laboratory study

In-situ complex resistivity (CR) or Induced Polarization (IP) data are collected using a 3D array of surface and borehole electrodes, over an area known to be contaminated with DNAPLs (Dense Non- Aqueous Phase Liquids). The contaminants include Tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and Trichloroethylene (PCE), which, until recent years have been disposed of directly into the environment. The design of the surface and cross-borehole array allows for a 3D IP inversion. Data are measured at two frequencies (1/4 and 1/16 Hz), and are inverted for resistivity magnitude and phase. The inversion results are compared with PCE and TCE contaminant concentrations measured from core samples taken from three ground truthing wells drilled within the region of interest. The phase and imaginary resistivity are shown to be well correlated with the concentration data from two of the three ground truthing boreholes where the TCE and PCE concentrations are above 1mg/kg.

Mapping Of Tce And Pce Contaminant Plumes Using A 3-D Induced Polarization Borehole Data

3D Inversion of Induced Polarization Data From Borehole Measurements to Map Subsurface Contaminations of Tetrachloroethylene and Trichloroethylene.

Self-potential (SP) data are collected using a 3D array of non-polarizing electrodes, consisting of a surface grid and four borehole arrays, over an area known to be contaminated with DNAPLs (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids). The self-potential method is commonly used to measure the electric field produced by electrokinetic, thermoelectric, or electrochemical coupling processes that take place in the subsurface. DNAPLs are known to undergo oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions in the environment, and are proposed as an electrochemical source for this investigation. Electrical currents that exist due to the redox reactions at depth traverse the resistive Earth materials and are manifested as a potential field that is measured at the surface and borehole locations. A 3D inversion algorithm is used to find the electrical current source model that supports the measured data, taking into account the resistivity structure derived from an induced polarization survey at the same field location. The sources and sinks of electrical current are related to the zones of redox activity, and therefore to the areas of contamination. These results are correlated with chemical concentration data obtained from a series of ground-truth well measurements taken at the site.

Three Dimensional Self-Potential Inversion For Subsurface Contaminant Detection And Mapping At The Doe Savannah River Site, South Carolina

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Mapping Of Tce And Pce Contaminant Plumes Using A 3-D Induced Polarization Borehole Data

3D Inversion of Induced Polarization Data From Borehole Measurements to Map Subsurface Contaminations of Tetrachloroethylene and Trichloroethylene.

Three Dimensional Self-Potential Inversion For Subsurface Contaminant Detection And Mapping At The Doe Savannah River Site, South Carolina