Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patches; and (4) optimal patterns and speed of movements. In this review we discuss each of these categories separately, dealing with both the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions. The review is selective in the sense that we emphasize studies that either develop testable predictions or that attempt to test predictions in a precise quantitative manner. We also discuss what we see to be some of the future developments in the area of optimal foraging theory and how this theory can be related to other areas of biology. Our general conclusion is that the simple models so far formulated are supported are supported reasonably well by available data and that we are optimistic about the value both now and in the future of optimal foraging theory. We argue, however, that these simple models will requre much modification, espicially to deal with situations that either cannot easily be put into one or another of the above four categories or entail currencies more complicated that just energy.

Citation classic - optimal foraging - a selective review of theory and tests

In his introduction to this detailed survey of knowledge of insect societies, the author points out that research on insect sociology has proceeded in three phases, the natural history phase, the physiological phase and the population-biology phase. Advances in the first two phases have permitted embarkation in the third phase on a more rigorous theory of social evolution based on population genetics and writing this book, the author wished to relate the three phases of research on insects and to express insect sociology as population biology. A glossary of terms, a considerable bibliography and a general index are included. Other CABI sites 

The Insect Societies

/pdf/the-dance-language-and-orientation-of-bees-3jdlph0pp0.pdf

The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees

Pheromones and other kinds of chemical communication underlie the behavior of all animals Building on the strengths of the first edition, widely recognized as the leading text in the subject, this is a comprehensive overview of how pheromones work Extensively revised and expanded to cover advances made over the last ten years, the book offers a thorough exploration of the evolutionary and behavioral contexts of chemical communication along with a detailed introduction to the molecular and neural basis of signal perception through olfaction At a time of ever increasing specialization, Wyatt offers a unique synthesis, integrating examples across the animal kingdom A final chapter critically considers human pheromones and the importance of olfaction to human biology Its breadth of coverage and readability make the book an unrivaled resource for students and researchers in a range of fields from chemistry, genetics, genomics, molecular biology and neuroscience to ecology, evolution and behavior

Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures

Measuring the Adaptiveness of Social Insect Foraging Strategies: An Empirical Approach, NE Raine and L Chittka Social Cues and Adaptive Foraging Strategies in Ants, C Detrain and J-L Deneubourg Individual and Social Foraging in Social Wasps, RL Jeanne and BJ Taylor Season-Dependent Foraging Patterns: Case Study of a Neotropical Forest-Dwelling Ant (Pachycondyla striata Ponerinae), FNS Medeiros and PS Oliveira Foraging Range and the Spatial Distribution of Worker Bumble Bees, D Goulson and JL Osborne How to Tell Your Mates: Costs and Benefits of Different Recruitment Mechanisms, M Beekman and A Dussutour Social Information Use in Foraging Insects, E Leadbeater and L Chittka Local Enhancement, Local Inhibition, Eavesdropping, and the Parasitism of Social Insect Communication, WOH Hughes and EJ Slaa The Role of Scents in Honey Bee Foraging and Recruitment, J Reinhard and MV Srinivasan Trophallaxis: A Mechanism of Information Transfer, WM Farina and C Gruter Mobilizing the Foraging Force: Mechanical Signals in Stingless Bee Recruitment, M Hrncir Chemical Communication During Food Exploitation in Stingless Bees, S Jarau The Use of Scent Marks by Foraging Bumble Bees, D Goulson Information Transfer and the Organization of Foraging in Grass- and Leaf-Cutting Ants, F Roces and M Bollazzi An Evolutionary Simulation of the Origin of Pheromone Communication, Y Nakamichi and T Arita Mathematical and Neural Network Models of Medium-Range Navigation During Social Insect Foraging, A Cheung Social Insects and the Exploitation of Food Sources: Concluding Thoughts, S Jarau and M Hrncir Index

Food Exploitation By Social Insects : Ecological, Behavioral, and Theoretical Approaches

O conteudo e apresentado em quatro partes: Parte 1 - Arvores; Parte 2 - Arbustos e subarbustos; Parte 3 - Herbaceas; Parte 4 - Trepadeiras.

Guia de plantas: visitadas por abelhas na Caatinga

The pollination effectiveness of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata and the honey bee Apis mellifera was tested in tomato plots. The experiment was conducted in four greenhouses as well as in an external open plot in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. The tomato plants were exposed to visits by M. quadrifasciata in one greenhouse and to A. mellifera in another; two greenhouses were maintained without bees (controls) and an open field plot was exposed to pollinators in an area where both honey bee and stingless bee colonies are abundant. We counted the number of tomatoes produced in each plot. Two hundred tomatoes from each plot were weighed, their vertical and transversal circumferences were measured, and the seeds were counted. We collected 253 Chrysomelidae, 17 Halictidae, one Paratrigona sp, and one honey bee from the flowers of the tomato plants in the open area. The largest number of fruits (1414 tomatoes), the heaviest and largest tomatoes, and the ones with the most seed were collected from the greenhouse with stingless bees. Fruits cultivated in the greenhouse with honey bees had the same weight and size as those produced in one of the control greenhouses. The stingless bee, M. quadrifasciata, was significantly more efficient than honey bees in pollinating greenhouse tomatoes.

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Pollination of tomatoes by the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata and the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae).

Stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) are by far the largest group of eusocial bees on Earth. Due to the diversity of evolutionary responses to specific ecological challenges, the Meliponini are well suited for comparative studies of the various adaptations to the environment found in highly eusocial bees. Of particular interest are the physiological mechanisms underlying the sophisticated cooperative and collective actions of entire colonies, which form the basis of the ecological success of the different bee species under the particular conditions prevailing in their respective environment. The present Special Issue of the Journal of Comparative Physiology A provides a sample of the exciting diversity of sensorial and behavioral adaptations in stingless bees, particularly concerning (1) the sensory bases for foraging, (2) chemical communication, and (3) the behavioral ecology of foraging.

/pdf/stingless-bees-meliponini-senses-and-behavior-404mfn67op.pdf

Stingless bees (Meliponini): senses and behavior.

Social Cues and Adaptive Foraging Strategies in Ants

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