Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product.

One of the most notable political developments of the last thirty years has been increasing public and governmental demand for the quantification of social phenomena, yet sociologists generally have paid little attention to the spread of quantification or the significance of new regimes of measurement. Our article addresses this oversight by analyzing quantification – the production and communication of numbers – as a general sociological phenomenon. Drawing on scholarship across the social sciences in Europe and North America as well as humanistic inquiry, we articulate five sociological dimensions of quantification and call for an ethics of numbers.

/pdf/a-sociology-of-quantification-40pbjp2ial.pdf

A Sociology of Quantification

Introduction PART 1: The Development of Mathematical Statistics in Astronomy and Geodesy before 1827 1. Least Squares and the Combination of Observations Legendre in 1805 Cotes's Rule Tobias Mayer and the Libration of the Moon Saturn, Jupiter, and Enter Laplace's Rescue of the Solar System Roger Boscovich and the Figure of the Earth Laplace and the Method of Situation Legendre and the Invention of Least Squares 2. Probabilists and the Measurement of Uncertainty Jacob Bernoulli De Moivre and the Expanded Binomial Bernoulli's Failure De Moivre's Approximation De Moivre's Deficiency Simpson and Bayes Simpson's Crucial Step toward Error A Bayesian Critique 3. Inverse Probability Laplace and Inverse Probability The Choice of Means The Deduction of a Curve of Errors in 1772-1774

The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900

Thematic maps show spatial distributions. The theme refers to the phenomena that is shown, which is often demographical, social, cultural, or economic. The best known thematic map type is the choropleth, in which regions are colored according to the distribution of a data variable. The R package tmap offers a coherent plotting system for thematic maps that is based on the layered grammar of graphics. Thematic maps are created by stacking layers, where per layer, data can be mapped to one or more aesthetics. It is also possible to generate small multiples. Thematic maps can be further embellished by configuring the map layout and by adding map attributes, such as a scale bar and a compass. Besides plotting thematic maps on the graphics device, they can also be made interactive as an HTML widget. In addition, the R package tmaptools contains several convenient functions for reading and processing spatial data.

tmap: Thematic Maps in R

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Information Visualization

The graphic portrayal of quantitative information has deep roots These roots reach into histories of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization, which are intertwined with each other They also connect with the rise of statistical thinking up through the 19th century, and developments in technology into the 20th century From above ground, we can see the current fruit; we must look below to see its pedigree and germination There certainly have been many new things in the world of visualization; but unless you know its history, everything might seem novel

https://www.math.usu.edu/~symanzik/teaching/2009_stat6560/Downloads/Friendly_milestone.pdf

Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistica l graphics, and data visualization

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Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistica l graphics, and data visualization