Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

A rich theory of production and analysis of productive eciency has developed since pioneering work by Koopmans (1951) and Debreu (1951). Farrell (1957) is the earliest published empirical study, and appeared in a statistical journal (JRSS), even though Farrell provided no statistical theory. The literature in econometrics, management sciences, operations research and mathematical statistics has since been enriched by hundreds of papers trying to develop or implement new tools for analyzing productivity and efficiency of firms. Both parametric and nonparametric approaches have been proposed. The mathematical challenge is to derive estimators of production, cost, revenue,or profit frontiers which represent, in the case of production frontiers, the optimal loci of combinations of inputs (like labor, energy, capital, etc.) and outputs (the products or services produced by the firms). Optimality is defined in terms of various economic considerations. Then the efficiency of a particular unit is measured by its distance to the estimated frontier. The statistical problem can be viewed as the problem of estimating the support of a multivariate random variable, subject to some shape constraints, in multiple dimensions. These techniques are applied in thousands of papers in the economic and business literature. This "Guided Tour" reviews the development of various nonparametric approaches since the early work of Farrell. Remaining challenges and open issues in this challenging arena are also described.

/pdf/statistical-approaches-for-nonparametric-frontier-models-a-2c307766wq.pdf

Statistical Approaches for Nonparametric Frontier Models: A Guided Tour

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and free disposal hull (FDH) estimators are widely used to estimate efficiency of production. Practitioners use DEA estimators far more frequently than FDH estimators, implicitly assuming that production sets are convex. Moreover, use of the constant returns to scale (CRS) version of the DEA estimator requires an assumption of CRS. Although bootstrap methods have been developed for making inference about the efficiencies of individual units, until now no methods exist for making consistent inference about differences in mean efficiency across groups of producers or for testing hypotheses about model structure such as returns to scale or convexity of the production set. We use central limit theorem results from our previous work to develop additional theoretical results permitting consistent tests of model structure and provide Monte Carlo evidence on the performance of the tests in terms of size and power. In addition, the variable returns to scale version of the DEA estima...

/pdf/testing-hypotheses-in-nonparametric-models-of-production-55dv5uqpiq.pdf

Testing Hypotheses in Nonparametric Models of Production

Dimension reduction in nonparametric models of production

The discrete cosine transform (DCT), introduced by Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao, has been used in many applications of digital signal processing, data compression and information hiding. There are four types of the discrete cosine transform. In simulating the discrete cosine transform, we propose a generalized discrete cosine transform with three parameters, and prove its orthogonality for some new cases. A new type of discrete cosine transform is proposed and its orthogonality is proved. Finally, we propose a generalized discrete W transform with three parameters, and prove its orthogonality for some new cases. Keywords: Discrete Fourier transform, discrete sine transform, discrete cosine transform, discrete W transform Nigerian Journal of Technological Research , vol7(1) 2012

On discrete cosine transform

This paper uses nonparametric methods and some new results on hypothesis testing with nonparametric efficiency estimators and applies these to analyze the effect of locally available high performance computing (HPC) resources on universities’ efficiency in producing research and other outputs We find that locally available HPC resources enhance the technical efficiency of research output in Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Physics, and History, but not in Computer Science, Economics, nor English; we find mixed results for Biology Our research results provide a critical first step in a quantitative economic model for investments in HPC

/pdf/assessing-the-effect-of-high-performance-computing-qafqag9ggv.pdf

Assessing the effect of high performance computing capabilities on academic research output

Academic data can be classified into multiple categories and come from a large number of sources. Many research areas require combining data from different sources into a unified set on which analytical techniques can be applied. In this research paper the authors introduce the High Performance Computing Cluster (HPCC) as a platform to streamline the process of ingesting, curating, integrating and transforming scholarly data from multiple sources and in varying formats, particularly when several of these datasets lack common attributes to support the integration process.

Managing the academic data lifecycle: A case study of HPCC

Genetic and Evolutionary Feature Extraction (GEFE), introduced by Shelton et al. [1], [2], [3], use genetic and evolutionary computation to evolve Local Binary Pattern (LBP) based feature extractors for facial recognition. In this paper, we use GEFE in an effort to classify male and female Drosophila melanogaster by the texture of their wings. To our knowledge, gender classification of the drosophila melanogaster via its wing has not been performed. This research has the potential to simplify the work of geneticists who work with the drosophila melanogaster. Our results show that GEFE outperforms both LBP and Eigenwing methods in terms of accuracy as well as computational complexity.

Fly wing biometrics

Genetic & Evolutionary Computation (GEC) is the field of study devoted to the design, development, and analysis of problem solvers based on natural selection [1-4] and has been successfully applied to a wide range of complex, real world optimization problems in the areas of robotics [5], scheduling [6], music generation [7], aircraft design [1], and cyber secur‐ ity [8-11], just to name a few. Genetic and Evolutionary Computations (referred to as GECs) differ from most traditional problems solvers in that they are stochastic methods that evolve a population of candidate solutions (CSs) rather than just operating on a single CS. Due to the evolutionary nature of GECs, they are able to discover a wide variety of novel solutions to a particular problem at hand – solutions that radically differ from those developed by tradition‐ al problem solvers [3,12,13].

/pdf/genetic-evolutionary-biometrics-31v257yd2t.pdf

Genetic & Evolutionary Biometrics

This work seeks to bridge areas of academic institutional research, social network analysis, and content analysis through the application of a social media paradigm to the academic research publishing environment. The concept is built upon the analysis of similarities and differences that exist in the structural and functional building blocks of academic publishing and social media. The potential impact in the form of new research directions that arise from this application are presented.

Academic publishing as a social media paradigm

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Michael E. Payne

Author Tools

Chat about Author