The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

This article identifies sustainable urban forms and their design concepts. In addition, it addresses the question of whether certain urban forms contribute more than others to sustainability. A thematic analysis has been used to coop with the vast body of sustainable development and environmental planning literature. The analysis identifies seven design concepts related to sustainable urban forms: compactness, sustainable transport, density, mixed land uses, diversity, passive solar design, and greening. Moreover, it identifies four types of sustainable urban forms: the neotraditional development, the urban containment, the compact city, and the eco-city. Finally, this article proposes a Matrix of Sustainable Urban Form to help planners in assessing the contribution of different urban forms to sustainability.

Sustainable Urban Forms Their Typologies, Models, and Concepts

This study is aimed at finding independent measures to describe the dimensions of urban driving patterns and to investigate which properties have main effect on emissions and fuel-use. 62 driving pattern parameters were calculated for each of 19 230 driving patterns collected in real traffic. These included traditional driving pattern parameters of speed and acceleration and new parameters of engine speed and gear-changing behaviour. By using factorial analysis the initial 62 parameters were reduced to 16 independent driving pattern factors. Fuel-use and emission factors were estimated for a subset of 5217 cases using two different mechanistic instantaneous emission models. Regression analysis on the relation between driving pattern factors and fuel-use and emission factors showed that nine of the driving pattern factors had considerable environmental effects. Four of these are associated with different aspects of power demand and acceleration, three describe aspects of gear-changing behaviour and two factors describe the effect of certain speed intervals.

Independent driving pattern factors and their influence on fuel-use and exhaust emission factors

Novo livro de Burke, apresenta revisao abrangente da teoria, que culmina no promissor e ja famoso 'modelo Burke-Litwin' e em dois exemplos de sua aplicacao. Leitura importante para consultores e praticantes de mudanca organizacional e para alunos e professores de comportamento organizacional. De forma geral, e incomparavelmente mais bem fundamentado em nivel teorico do que a grande maioria dos textos existentes sobre o tema.

/pdf/organization-change-theory-and-practice-uydihho7sx.pdf

Organization change: theory and practice

The Politics of Policy Implementation.

This report describes the transportation planning process and discusses where and how safety can be effectively addressed and integrated into long-range planning at the state and metropolitan levels. This guidance manual should be especially useful to federal, state department of transportation, metropolitan planning organization, and local transportation planners, as well as other practitioners and stakeholders concerned with addressing safety within transportation systems planning, priority programming, and project development planning.

Incorporating Safety into Long-Range Transportation Planning

An analysis of instrumented vehicle data revealed significant differences in operating mode profiles for vehicle operations in Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; and Spokane, Washington. Differences in such operating mode characteristics as acceleration rates and cruise speed distributions are important in the development of new emissions models because certain vehicle and engine operating modes are proving to be significant sources of elevated emissions rates. Although not conclusive, these data indicate that the variations in operating mode fractions across cities may be related to differences in road network characteristics. A simple predictive model, based on three operating parameters (vehicle speed, engine speed, and manifold absolute pressure) was developed from the data collected from eight instrumented General Motors 3.1-L vehicles and is capable of predicting elevated carbon monoxide (CO) emission rates for various vehicle and engine activities. These emission results do not apply to hydrocarbons (HC) or oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which behave differently. The modeling technique discussed has been developed exclusively for CO. The model is used to estimate the relative CO emission differences associated with the differences in operating profiles noted from city to city (and potentially from driver to driver). This modeling approach appears capable of adequately distinguishing the CO emission effects associated with variations in engine and vehicle operations for individual vehicle makes and models. However, it should be noted that the large variability in vehicle-to-vehicle CO emission response to changes in operating modes that has been noted in ongoing studies indicates that a model based on vehicle speed and acceleration profiles alone may not provide sufficient CO emission rate predictive capabilities for the fleet.

Driving pattern variability and impacts on vehicle carbon monoxide emissions

This publication is intended for elected officials, business and community leaders, representatives of the media, and others interested in learning more about what options are available for reducing traffic congestion and improving mobility. It examines the causes behind the growing traffic congestion problem and describes specific actions that can be taken to improve the situation. For each action, the relative benefits and costs are also presented, along with an explanation of the methods of implementation.

A toolbox for alleviating traffic congestion

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 place a great deal of importance on the use of transportation controls to meet air quality standards in nonattainment areas. Inherent in the approach to estimating the beneficial impacts of such transportation measures is an estimation of current levels of emissions (the emissions inventory) and then a determination of what changes in emissions would occur given changes in the operation and use of the transportation system. One aspect of vehicle emissions behavior, that is, emissions due to engine power enrichment, which is not well represented in existing models, is examined. A 46-instrumented vehicle data base was used to analyze the importance of enrichment emissions to overall vehicle trip emissions records while relating these emissions to velocity-acceleration characteristics. It is concluded that enrichment emissions can be a significant contributor to overall vehicle emissions. In addition, policy implications of these results on current public policy and emissions model development are discussed.

Carbon monoxide emissions from road driving: evidence of emissions due to power enrichment

https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/50811/dot_50811_DS1.pdf

Megaregions: Literature Review of the Implications for U.S. Infrastructure Investment and Transportation Planning

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