Neural pathways underlying vocal control.

1092-5171/04/3101-0105 ABSTRACT: This article presents a theoretical perspective on stuttering based on numerous findings regarding speech and nonspeech neuromotor control in individuals who stutter in combination with recent empirical data and theoretical models from the literature on the neuroscience of motor control. Specifically, this perspective on stuttering relies heavily on recent work regarding feedforward and feedback control schemes; the formation, consolidation, and updating of inverse and forward internal models of the motor systems; and cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar activation patterns during speech and nonspeech motor tasks. Against this background, we propose that stuttering may result when producing speech (a) with unstable or insufficiently activated internal models or (b) with a motor E Unstable or Insufficiently Activated Internal Models and Feedback-Biased Motor Control as Sources of Dysfluency: A Theoretical Model of Stuttering

https://pubs.asha.org/doi/pdf/10.1044/cicsd_31_S_105

Unstable or Insufficiently Activated Internal Models and Feedback-Biased Motor Control as Sources of Dysfluency: A Theoretical Model of Stuttering

Speech production is one of the most complex and rapid motor behaviors, and it involves a precise coordination of more than 100 laryngeal, orofacial, and respiratory muscles. Yet we lack a complete understanding of laryngeal motor cortical control during production of speech and other voluntary laryngeal behaviors. In recent years, a number of studies have confirmed the laryngeal motor cortical representation in humans and have provided some information about its interactions with other cortical and subcortical regions that are principally involved in vocal motor control of speech production. In this review, the authors discuss the organization of the peripheral and central laryngeal control based on neuroimaging and electrical stimulation studies in humans and neuroanatomical tracing studies in nonhuman primates. It is hypothesized that the location of the laryngeal motor cortex in the primary motor cortex and its direct connections with the brain stem laryngeal motoneurons in humans, as opposed to its location in the premotor cortex with only indirect connections to the laryngeal motoneurons in nonhuman primates, may represent one of the major evolutionary developments in humans toward the ability to speak and vocalize voluntarily.

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1073858410386727

Laryngeal Motor Cortex and Control of Speech in Humans

In order to examine the stability and patterning of speech movement sequences, movements of the lip were recorded as subjects produced a phrase at normal, fast, and slow rates. Three methods of analysis were employed. First, a new index of spatiotemporal stability was derived by summing the standard deviations computed across amplitude- and time-normalized displacement records. This index indicated that normal and fast rates of speech production result in more stable movement execution compared to slow rates. In the second analysis, the relative time of occurrence of the peak velocity of the three middle opening movements of the utterance was measured. For each of the three peaks, the preservation of relative timing was assessed by applying Genter's (1987) slope test. The results clearly indicate that the relative timing of these events does not remain constant across changes in speech rate. The relative timing of the middle opening gestures shifted, becoming later as utterance duration increased. In a third analysis, pattern recognition techniques were applied to the normalized displacement waveforms. A classification algorithm was highly successful in sorting waveforms into normal, fast, and slow rate conditions. These findings were interpreted to suggest that, within a subject, three distinct patterns or movement templates exist, one for each rate of production. Speech rate appears to be a global parameter, one that affects the entire command sequence for the utterance.

Spatiotemporal stability and patterning of speech movement sequences

Overreliance on auditory feedback may lead to sound/syllable repetitions: simulations of stuttering and fluency-inducing conditions with a neural model of speech production.

An analysis of lip and jaw motion was carried out in order to evaluate previous observations on the fluent speech of stutterers and to describe possible effects of speech therapy. A strain gauge sy...

Kinematic Analysis of Lip Closure in Stutterers’ Fluent Speech

Somatosensory neurons in human thalamuc respond to speech-induced orofacial movements

Assessment of speech-muscle function during nonspeech tasks may provide an important component in the clinical evaluation of speech-motor disorders. Various methodological problems have limited the...

Speech-muscle visuomotor tracking in dysarthric and nonimpaired speakers.

Gain and spatial characteristics of human lip-muscle reflexes

The capability to record muscle-specific reflexes in the perioral muscles with surface electrodes could have practical significance for the study of speech production disorders. In the present stud...

Surface EMG recording of the perioral reflexes: preliminary observations on stutterers and nonstutterers.

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