https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/133224960/1_s2.0_S0001868616303542_main.pdf

Natural and bioinspired nanostructured bactericidal surfaces

The scientific and industrial interest in antimicrobial surfaces has significantly increased in recent times. This interest is largely in response to the persistent microbial contamination of industrial and, importantly, medical implant surfaces. Bacterial contamination of implant surfaces often leads to infection at the implant-tissue interface, and with the prevalence of increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance, the treatment of these infections is becoming far more challenging. Recently, many naturally occurring, high-aspect-ratio surface topographies have been discovered that exhibit high levels of biocidal efficacy. These include epicuticular lipid nano-architectures that are formed on the surfaces of insect wings, such as cicadae and dragonflies. The antimicrobial activity of such surfaces has been found to be a consequence of the physical interactions between the nanoscale topography of the substrate and the attaching pathogenic cells, meaning that the activity is independent of biochemical surface functionality. Importantly, these desirable surface properties can be translated to synthetic biomimetic surfaces, which, when mimicked, lead to a substantial increase in the antimicrobial properties of such surfaces. This paper reviews the recent advances in understanding the basis of these mechanical antimicrobial mechanisms, and discusses the progress being made towards the fabrication of optimised, biocompatible, synthetic analogues.

Nano-structured antimicrobial surfaces: From nature to synthetic analogues.

Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials with 3D porous diamond foam for thermal energy storage

In biomaterials science, it is nowadays well accepted that improving the biointegration of dental and orthopedic implants with surrounding tissues is a major goal. However, implant surfaces that support osteointegration may also favor colonization of bacterial cells. Infection of biomaterials and subsequent biofilm formation can have devastating effects and reduce patient quality of life, representing an emerging concern in healthcare. Conversely, efforts toward inhibiting bacterial colonization may impair biomaterial–tissue integration. Therefore, to improve the long-term success of medical implants, biomaterial surfaces should ideally discourage the attachment of bacteria without affecting eukaryotic cell functions. However, most current strategies seldom investigate a combined goal. This work reviews recent strategies of surface modification to simultaneously address implant biointegration while mitigating bacterial infections. To this end, two emerging solutions are considered, multifunctional chemical coatings and nanotopographical features.

/pdf/multifunctional-coatings-and-nanotopographies-toward-cell-2rirfwrf56.pdf

Multifunctional Coatings and Nanotopographies: Toward Cell Instructive and Antibacterial Implants

This review examines the current status (from 2016 to December 2018) of the electroanalytical application of boron-doped diamond (BDD), in view of its advantages and challenges for electroanalytical applications. The effect of the boron-doping level, sp3/sp2 ratio, and BDD surface termination on the electrochemical properties of BDD electrodes is discussed. The most interesting and significant developments concerning the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of chemical substances onto BDD in single and multi-analyte modes, the beneficial role of surfactants in BDD electrode-based electroanalysis, surface modifications, modification of electrode surfaces with metal nanoparticles, porous BDD surfaces, and the specificity of BDDEs in the microfluidic context, are considered. Basic information on the electroanalysis of organic substances in single- and multi-analyte detection modes is given in the tables. Other non-common electroanalytical applications of BDD, such as BDD as an electrode material for electrogenerated electrochemiluminescence, and BDD for in vivo on-line determination of analytes, detecting bio-potential changes in plants, and pH and gas sensing, are presented.

Boron-doped diamond: current progress and challenges in view of electroanalytical applications

This report describes a method to fabricate high-surface-area boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes using so-called ‘black silicon’ (bSi) as a substrate. This is a synthetic nanostructured material that contains high-aspect-ratio nano-protrusions, such as spikes or needles, on the Si surface produced via plasma etching. We now show that coating a bSi surface composed of 15 μm-high needles conformably with BDD produces a robust electrochemical electrode with high sensitivity and high electroactive area. A clinically relevant demonstration of the efficacy of these electrodes is shown by measuring their sensitivity for detection of dopamine (DA) in the presence of an excess of uric acid (UA). Finally, the nanostructured surface of bSi has recently been found to generate a mechanical bactericidal effect, killing both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at high rates. We will show that BDD-coated bSi also acts as an effective antibacterial surface, with the added advantage that being diamond-coated it is far more robust and less likely to become damaged than Si.

/pdf/diamond-coated-black-silicon-as-a-promising-material-for-12z857p714.pdf

Diamond-coated ‘black silicon’ as a promising material for high-surface-area electrochemical electrodes and antibacterial surfaces

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Diamond-coated ‘black silicon’ as a promising material for high-surface-area electrochemical electrodes and antibacterial surfaces