While traditional organizations create value within the boundaries of their firm or supply chain, digital platforms leverage and orchestrate a platform-mediated ecosystem to create and co-create value with a much wider array of partners and actors. Although the change to two-sided markets and their generalization to platform ecosystems have been adopted among various industries, both academic research and industry adoption have lagged behind in the healthcare industry. To the best of our knowledge current Information Systems research has not yet incorporated an interorganizational perspective of the digital transformation of healthcare. This neglects a wide range of emerging changes, including changing segmentation of industry market participants, changing patient segments, changing patient roles as decision makers, and their interaction in patient care. This study therefore investigates the digital transformation of the healthcare industry by analyzing 1830 healthcare organizations found on Crunchbase. We derived a generic value ecosystem of the digital healthcare industry and validated our findings with industry experts from the traditional and the start-up healthcare domains. The results indicate 8 new roles within healthcare, namely: information platforms, data collection technology, market intermediaries, services for remote and on-demand healthcare, augmented and virtual reality provider, blockchain-based PHR, cloud service provider, and intelligent data analysis for healthcare provider. Our results further illustrate how these roles transform value proposition, value capture, and value delivery in the healthcare industry. We discuss competition between new entrants and incumbents and elaborate how digital health innovations contribute to the changing role of patients.

/pdf/the-digital-transformation-of-the-healthcare-industry-273jgh6c8r.pdf

The digital transformation of the healthcare industry: exploring the rise of emerging platform ecosystems and their influence on the role of patients

Availability of addiction medications in private health plans

Background Little evidence has been presented to date that would either support or refute a widely held belief that mail-service pharmacy utilization routinely produces savings in drug benefit costs for prescription benefit plan sponsors Objective To present a comparative analysis of mail-service and community pharmacy service drug benefit costs for 5 employer-sponsored prescription drug benefit plans Methods A cross-sectional comparison of 17,725 matched transaction pairs of community and mail-service prescriptions from a data set comprised 484,987 prescription claims from a convenience sample of 5 employer-sponsored prescription benefit plans Differences between community pharmacy and mail-service prescription transactions were examined at the per-unit level of analysis for drug ingredient costs, dispensing fees, co-payments, dollar amounts paid by plan sponsor, and total dollar amounts Results Overall, the total cost of prescriptions was lower through mail-service pharmacies for all 5 plans studied Two of 5 plans had co-payment incentives to use mail-service, yet plan sponsors paid more for mail-service drugs; respectively, 45% and 83% more overall, 250% and 214% more for generic medications; and 30% and 70% more for brand name medications Mail-service co-payments were 489% and 517% lower Mail-service utilization rates were 152% and 315% of the total number of prescriptions dispensed in the period studied Three of 5 plans had no co-payment incentive to use mail-service and paid less for mail-service drugs; respectively, 187%, 66%, and 157% less overall; 174%, 156%, and 79% less for generic medications; and 188%, 52%, and 166% less for brand name medications Mail-service co-payments were 105% more, 52% less, and 18% more than community pharmacy co-payments, respectively Mail-service utilization rates were 08%, 12%, and 44% Conclusion Co-payment incentives to use mail-service pharmacies instead of community pharmacies were associated with higher mail-service utilization rates and with higher costs to plan sponsors Absence of a co-payment incentive to use mail-service pharmacies was associated with lower mail-service utilization rates and with lower costs to plan sponsors

A comparison of mail-service and retail community pharmacy claims in 5 prescription benefit plans.

E-prescribing automates the manual prescription process which enables physicians, pharmacies and payers to gain access to information that contributes to patient safety, controlling costs, and gaining business intelligence. In this article, the information flow of the leading eprescribing approaches in the United States (US) is compared with an e-prescribing system under development in a Middle East country. The focus is on the implication of process changes (e.g., shift in roles) and the secondary use of information that results from the integration of the prescription information chain. The comparison highlights differences in implementation that will impact the adoption of e-prescribing in the US. For example, the US approach requires a physician to specify where the e-prescription is to be sent, which in the past was solely a patient decision. In contrast, the approach by the Middle East company is for a cyber-mediary to hold the e-prescription until retrieved by the pharmacy a patient chooses.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/ESJ.2007.5.3.15

Process Implications of E-prescribing Information Integration Models: United States versus a Middle East Approach

In part I, we discussed new drug development, reviewed the history of the generic drug industry, described how generic drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and defined the concepts of bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence Herein, we explore various factors impacting generic drug use across the different parties involved: the prescriber, the pharmacist, the patient, and the payer We also include original cost analysis of dermatologic brand name and generic drugs and show the potential cost savings that can be achieved through generic substitution We conclude with a review of the data addressing potential differences in the effectiveness of brand name versus generic drugs in dermatology The cost of brand name and generic medications is highly variable by pharmacy, state, and payer We used one source (wwwdrugstorecom) as an example and for consistency across all medications discussed herein Prices included here may not reflect actual retail prices across the United States

https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(11)02255-9/pdf

Generic drugs in dermatology: part I.

81 Am J Health-Syst Pharm—Vol 61 Jan 1, 2004 ROBERT I. GARIS, B.S.PHARM., M.B.A., PH.D., is Assistant Professor; BARTHOLOMEW E. CLARK, B.S.PHARM., PH.D., is Assistant Professor; MARK V. SIRACUSE, PHARM.D., PH.D., is Assistant Professor; and MICHAEL C. MAKOID, PH.D., is Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Address correspondence to Dr. Garis at the Examining the value of pharmacy benefit management companies

Examining the value of pharmacy benefit management companies

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Examining the value of pharmacy benefit management companies