HVAC systems, including various HVAC system components, and methods for manufacturing the same are disclosed for controlling airflow into a building. Embodiments of the HVAC systems include apparatuses for controlling the volumetric airflow moving through at least one HVAC system component using a measurement device, for example an airflow detector, a regulator, for example a damper or blower, and a controller, where the controller receives input from the measurement device, manipulates the input with a control algorithm, and sends output commands to the regulator. Further embodiments include apparatuses and methods for development of the control algorithm by testing a similar HVAC system component, measuring the actual volumetric airflow through the HVAC system component, and comparing the actual volumetric airflow with the airflow measured by the measurement device. Still further embodiment include forming a plurality of similar HVAC components that each control airflow without requiring further testing.

Methods and apparatuses for controlling air to a building

Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological treatments for MDD are complex and unclear, and additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDD still are needed. The currently widely accepted theories of MDD pathogenesis include the neurotransmitter and receptor hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypothesis, cytokine hypothesis, neuroplasticity hypothesis and systemic influence hypothesis, but these hypothesis cannot completely explain the pathological mechanism of MDD. Even it is still hard to adopt only one hypothesis to completely reveal the pathogenesis of MDD, thus in recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the roles of multiple organ interactions in the pathogenesis MDD and identifying novel therapeutic approaches and multitarget modulatory strategies, further revealing the disease features of MDD. Furthermore, some newly discovered potential pharmacological targets and newly studied antidepressants have attracted widespread attention, some reagents have even been approved for clinical treatment and some novel therapeutic methods such as phototherapy and acupuncture have been discovered to have effective improvement for the depressive symptoms. In this work, we comprehensively summarize the latest research on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MDD, preventive approaches and therapeutic medicines, as well as the related clinical trials. 

Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment

A cooling system for providing conditioned air to a facility includes a chiller or other cooling subsystem, a cooling tower subsystem and one or more air handling units or process cooling units. The cooling subsystem may advantageously include one or more chillers (e.g., variable speed chillers, constant speed chillers, absorption chillers, etc.) and chilled fluid pumps. The cooling tower subsystem includes one or more cooling tower units and condenser fluid pumps. In some implementations, the air handling unit has a cooling coil and a variable volume fan. In some implementations, direct expansion (DX) cooling systems comprise compressors, evaporators and air-cooled, water-cooled or evaporatively-cooled condensing systems. Such systems can be controlled to reduce energy waste, improve occupant comfort and/or improve the thermal characteristics of the process cooling unit. The cooling system further comprises a control system which is configured to evaluate a cooling load value at the air handling unit and use the cooling load value to calculate at least one operational setpoint. The operational setpoint may advantageously be selected to improve the energy efficiency of the overall cooling system.

Optimized control system for cooling systems

A zone-control unit for use in a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the zone-control unit includes a heat exchanger, an inlet piping assembly coupled with the heat exchanger for supplying fluid to the heat exchanger, an outlet piping assembly coupled with the heat exchanger for receiving fluid from the heat exchanger, a bracket that maintains the inlet piping assembly and the outlet piping assembly in positional relationship, and an ancillary component coupled with the heat exchanger.

Embedded heat exchanger for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) systems and methods

A control strategy for supply fans in variable-air-volume heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems that reduces the static pressure at part-load conditions. The invention consists of a static pressure sensor, an airflow sensor, a supply fan, a fan modulating device, and a controller coupled to the static pressure sensor and the airflow sensor. The controller includes a calculator that calculates the static pressure setpoint as a function of the airflow rate. The static pressure setpoint is lower when the airflow rate is lower. The controller compares the static pressure setpoint with the static pressure, and it commands the fan modulating device so that the static pressure remains close to the static pressure setpoint. Alternatively, the controller includes a calculator that calculates a loss coefficient as a function of the static pressure and the supply rate. The controller compares the loss coefficient with a loss coefficient setpoint, and it commands the fan modulating device so that the loss coefficient remains close to the loss coefficient setpoint. When the airflow rate is sufficiently high, the alternative embodiment switches to a constant-pressure controller.

Method and apparatus for controlling variable air volume supply fans in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems

A fan control system suitable for use in air moving applications has a pressure sensor responsive to an air pressure in an air duct for supplying a static pressure signal representative of the air pressure. A supply air flow sensor is responsive to an air flow in a supply air duct and supplies a supply air flow signal representative of the air flow in the supply air duct. A return air flow sensor is responsive to an air flow in a return air duct and supplies a return air flow signal representative of the air flow in the return air duct. A supply fan moves air in the supply air duct. The supply fan is driven by a supply fan motor. A return fan moves air in the return air duct. The return fan is driven by a return fan motor. A unitary volumetric air flow controller is connected to the supply fan motor and to the return fan motor. The air flow controller selectively applies a supply drive power signal to the supply fan motor to energize the supply fan motor, and selectively applies a return drive signal to the return fan motor to energize the return fan motor. The power drive signals are responsive to the static pressure signal, supply air flow signal, and return air flow signal.

HVAC custom control system

Light regulates physiology, mood, and behavior through signals sent to the brain by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). How primate ipRGCs sense light is unclear, as they are rare and challenging to target for electrophysiological recording. We developed a method of acute identification within the live, ex vivo retina. Using it, we found that ipRGCs of the macaque monkey are highly specialized to encode irradiance (the overall intensity of illumination) by blurring spatial, temporal, and chromatic features of the visual scene. We describe mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, and population scales that support irradiance encoding across orders-of-magnitude changes in light intensity. These mechanisms are conserved quantitatively across the ~70 million years of evolution that separate macaques from mice. Description Encoding illumination in primates Light is an important environmental factor for most organisms because it regulates many physiological functions and behaviors. Central to this regulation is a photoreceptive molecule called melanopsin and its actions within the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), neurons that send signals from the retina to the brain. Little is known about the ipRGCs of primates. Liu et al. developed a method of identifying primate ipRGCs and used it to investigate how they sense the visual world (see the Perspective by Martin). They found that ipRGCs encode the overall intensity of environmental illumination using specializations that are distributed across scales of biological organization. These cells thus show insensitivity to image detail and a wide dynamic range. —PRS A rare type of primate retinal neuron encodes irradiance by blurring across space, time, and wavelength.

Encoding of environmental illumination by primate melanopsin neurons

The circadian clock allows organisms to anticipate environmental changes that are driven by the earth’s rotation, and synchronizes with this cycle using light1. The clock extracts relevant parameters of illumination, responding selectively to intensities at twilight and above, and to the number of photons counted over an extended time window2–8. These hallmark properties are thought to manifest in the brain9. Here, we report that they emerge within specific neurons of the eye. These M1 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) detect light directly, using a receptor called melanopsin, and indirectly, through circuits driven by rod and cone photoreceptors10. We find that the balance of intrinsic and extrinsic drives varies widely across M1s, and the population accounts for the dynamic range of circadian photoregulation. Both singly and collectively, M1s approach the level of temporal integration observed behaviorally. The cellular and behavioral levels match when the pupillary light reflex—another M1-driven function—shapes the light that M1s receive. This work reveals how the first steps of sensory processing are precisely formatted for specific tasks. It also introduces bioluminescence-based methods for identifying photosensitive neurons without desensitization, allowing their mechanistic study under physiological conditions.

Retinal Origins of Circadian Photoregulation's Specialized Dynamic Range and Temporal Integration

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HVAC custom control system

Encoding of environmental illumination by primate melanopsin neurons

Retinal Origins of Circadian Photoregulation's Specialized Dynamic Range and Temporal Integration