Narrow body and wide body aircraft are responsible for more than 75% of aviation greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and aviation, itself, was responsible for about 2.5% of all GHG emissions in the United States in 2018. This situation becomes worse when considering a 4-5% annual growth in air travel. Electrified aircraft is clearly a promising solution to combat the GHG challenge; thus, the trend is to eliminate all but electrical forms of energy in aircraft power distribution systems. However, electrification adds tremendously to the complexity of aircraft electric power systems (EPS), which is dramatically changing in our journey from conventional aircraft to more electric aircraft (MEA) and all electric aircraft (AEA). In this article, we provide an in-depth discussion on MEA/AEA EPS: electric propulsion, distributed propulsion systems (DPS), EPS voltage levels, power supplies, and EPS architectures are discussed. Publications on power flow (PF) analysis and management of EPS are reviewed, and an initial schematic of a potential aircraft EPS with electric propulsion is proposed. In this regard, we also briefly review the components required for MEA/AEA EPS, including power electronics (PE) converters, electric machines, electrochemical energy units, circuit breakers (CBs), and wiring harness. A comprehensive review of each of the components mentioned above or other topics except for those related to steady state power flow in MEA/AEA EPS is out of this article's scope and should be found somewhere else. At the close of the paper, some challenges in the path towards AEA are presented. Unless the discussed challenges are satisfactorily addressed and solved, arriving at an AEA that can properly operate over commercial missions will not be possible.

/pdf/electric-power-systems-in-more-and-all-electric-aircraft-a-4nwqowbpvd.pdf

Electric Power Systems in More and All Electric Aircraft: A Review

Electric microgrids based mainly on renewable energies have seen a big expansion in recent years due to the great advantages they present against fossil fuels. Nowadays different governments are becoming aware of the use of environmentally friendly energies, so progressive investment has been granted to the consumers in Spain. Many microgrids have been installed in both connected and isolated circumstances, and this fact brings new challenges regarding the technical and economic points of view. This study aims to delve into electrical microgrids based on renewable energies applied in industrial facilities through a review of the literature associated with the study of general microgrids. It later focuses on the relationships between renewable energies and industrial environments. A brief reference is made to the use of energy storage systems in industrial installations depicting the most used systems. This paper presents a review of the state of the art of microgrids from distributed energy resources technologies to industrial microgrids optimization, with the primary objective of providing insight on current trends and directions in research and further identifying areas in need of further development.

/pdf/a-review-of-the-state-of-the-art-of-industrial-microgrids-2ho6ckr4.pdf

A Review of the State of the Art of Industrial Microgrids Based on Renewable Energy

Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) distribution is one of the new promising technologies that have the potential to accelerate the wider integration of distributed renewables. However, adding new power electronics to convert AC to DC will introduce new forms of faults with different characteristics. Converters with inherent fault current limiting and blocking capabilities will significantly limit the fault currents, resulting in significant impacts on the performance of existing LV overcurrent protection schemes. New protection methods based on the change in the DC voltages have been proposed recently by different researches. The issue with these methods is that the protection relays of the un-faulted feeders will also see the same change in the voltage for certain faults, leading to substandard selectivity and unnecessary tripping. This paper investigates these challenges, and presents a novel DC protection method which is based on the use of the combination of two components: the voltage change (dv/dt) and the change of current (di/dt). The new method is mainly developed to detect and locate DC faults with reduced fault current levels within DC distribution networks. The introduced protection concept is tested on an LVDC distribution network example using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation tool.

/pdf/a-novel-protection-scheme-for-an-lvdc-distribution-network-wbfbim9q1c.pdf

A novel protection scheme for an LVDC distribution network with reduced fault levels

Low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution is considered as one of the new promising technologies for better integration of distributed generation, and supplying local loads in more efficient way compare to AC systems. However, DC protection is still considered as one of the outstanding challenges that holds back the wide deployment of LVDC in the last mile utility applications. Most of existing DC solutions have been developed for specific applications such as data centres, photovoltaic (PV) systems, electric ships, and traction systems. However, their suitability for providing a good level of protection and safety for an LVDC last mile public network is still not fully understood. Therefore, this study evaluates the performances of a wide number of DC protection solutions that have been proposed for the applications on an active LVDC last mile distribution network with local generation sources (including PVs and battery storages). Based on the findings, recommendations of LVDC protection for resilient operation are presented in the study.

Evaluation of existing DC protection solutions on an active LVDC distribution network under different fault conditions

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Verfahren zur Zustandsidentifikation im Mittelspannungsnetz, unter Berucksichtigung der geringen Datenbasis aufgrund dort existierender Messungen, und den vorhandenen, bereits implementierten Verfahren im Niederspannungsnetz, eine spannungsebenenubergreifende und vollstandige Identifikation des Netzzustandes im Rahmen einer dezentralen Automatisierungsumgebung zu ermoglichen.
Die entwickelten Verfahren sollen dabei unter Berucksichtigung von Wirtschaftlichkeitsrestriktionen, sicher und robust in Bezug auf den Ausfall von Kommunikations- und Messtechnik, kritische Netzzustande identifizieren, um auf dieser Grundlage eine Informationsbasis fur eine koordinierte Spannungs- und Leistungsregelung in der gesamten Verteilungsnetzebene zu realisieren.

http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-8054/de1805.pdf

Zustandsidentifikation von Mittelspannungsnetzen für eine übergreifende Automatisierung der Mittel- und Niederspannungsebene

A direct current arc chute (200) includes a ferromagnetic base (202) having first and second ends (204,206); first and second ferromagnetic side members (208,210) disposed from the respective first and second ends; a third ferromagnetic member (212) disposed from the base intermediate the side members and having an end portion (214) opposite the base; and first and second magnets (216,218) on the respective first and second members have a magnetic polarity facing the third member. A first arc chamber (220) is between the first and third members; and a second arc chamber (224) is between the second and third members. The first magnet and first member extend away from the first end and beyond the end portion, and toward the second magnet and second member after the end portion. The second magnet and second member extend away from the second end and beyond the end portion, and toward the first magnet and first member after the end portion.

Single direct current arc chute, and bi-directional direct current electrical switching apparatus employing the same

Automated operation and remote control for high and medium voltage transmission grids is already the state of the art whereas distribution automation in low voltage distribution grids is still in its infancy. Sophisticated software and hardware components are required in order to promote advanced distribution automation concepts such as self-healing grids, MicroGrids, early warning systems, or smart consumption (demand side management). In a consortium of eight industrial and scientific partners, Eaton Industries (Austria) GmbH targets the window of opportunity of developing a novel component within the iniGrid-project, the so-called “SmartBreaker”. The SmartBreaker basically serves to protect electrical power systems, like a conventional low voltage circuit breaker. However, due to its novel design, it also incorporates the protection functionality of a residual current circuit breaker and an overvoltage trip. Furthermore, the SmartBreaker provides remote control functionality in order to switch a circuit on or off remotely. In addition, the device includes Smart Meter functionalities such as power/energy monitoring and load profiling. These newly offered features will perfectly meet the future customer's requirements for an anticipated Smart Grid scenario. This paper will give an introduction to the individual functions of the “SmartBreaker”, such as power electronic, relay, short circuit detection, communication and power/energy monitoring.

A novel low voltage grid protection component for future smart grids

This paper presents design and development of a power module used in a low voltage DC hybrid circuit breaker (HCB). The novel power module is rated for 125 A / 380 V and can interrupt electrical faults within approximately $300\ {\mu}\mathrm{s}$ in a power grid with up to 20 kA short-circuit capacity. The designed module employs an auxiliary power electronics switch including 30 V silicon MOSFETs with very low on-state resistance in series with an innovative high-speed and low ohmic mechanical switch. This enables completely arc-free switching. A main power electronics switch consisting of bare-die 1.2 kV IGBTs and SiC Merged PIN Schottky diodes is used for current interruption. These components characterized in previous publications are attached on an Al 2 O 3 substrate in such a way that the smallest possible inductive loss from current commutation loop and a reduced footprint are obtained. Additionally, a galvanic separation relay and integrated current measurement shunts are included. Finally, the substrate is placed on a Cu baseplate and encapsulated in both soft and hard encapsulations similar to standard power IGBT modules. Experimental results on fault current commutation and interruption, minimum required air gap for the mechanical switch, and steady state thermal characteristics are reported here. The findings enable the realization of the most compact and reliable HCB with the highest available power density currently feasible.

Power Module for Low Voltage DC Hybrid Circuit Breaker

This paper reports on the design and development work of an Integrated Power Module (IPM) used in an Hybrid Circuit Breaker (HCB) application. Two previously characterized power insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and silicon diode bare dies, together with control electronics, are placed on both sides of an Al2O3 substrate. This allows the smallest footprint with the highest current density, and the fastest current commutation to be integrated into a standard miniature circuit breaker (MCB) housing. An experimental setup is developed to analyze the surge current capability of the technology and to design the most appropriate technology with the highest reliability and most compact power module.

Design and Development of an Integrated Power Module Used in Low Voltage DC/AC Hybrid Circuit Breaker

Es wird ein Verfahren zur Unterscheidung eines Lichtbogens von einem leuchtenden Gas zumindest enthaltend Metalldampf angegeben, bei dem Licht in einem Uberwachungsbereich (3) erfasst und eine erste Intensitat des erfassten Lichts bei einer ersten Wellenlange λ1 und eine zweite Intensitat des erfassten Lichts bei einer zweiten, groseren Wellenlange λ2 bestimmt wird. Weiterhin wird das Verhaltnis I λ1 / I λ2 zwischen der ersten Intensitat Iλ1 und der zweiten Intensitat Iλ2 ermittelt. Schlieslich wird das erfasste Licht zu einem Lichtbogen zugeordnet, wenn das genannte Verhaltnis I λ1 / I λ2 groser ist als ein vorgebbarer erster Schwellwert und/oder zu einem leuchtenden Gas zumindest enthaltend Metalldampf, wenn das genannte Verhaltnis I λ1 / I λ2 kleiner ist als ein vorgebbarer zweiter Schwellwert. Daruber hinaus wird auch eine Vorrichtung(1) zur Durchfuhrung des genannten Verfahrens angegeben.

Verfahren zur unterscheidung eines lichtbogens von einem leuchtenden gas enthaltend zumindest metalldampf

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