Although Cloud computing itself has many open problems, researchers in the field have already made the leap to envision Inter-Cloud computing. Their goal is to achieve better overall Quality of Service QoS, reliability and cost efficiency by utilizing multiple clouds. Inter-Cloud research is still in its infancy, and the body of knowledge in the area has not been well defined yet. In this work, we propose and motivate taxonomies for Inter-Cloud architectures and application brokering mechanisms. We present a detailed survey of the state of the art in terms of both academic and industry developments 20 projects, and we fit each project onto the discussed taxonomies. We discuss how the current Inter-Cloud environments facilitate brokering of distributed applications across clouds considering their nonfunctional requirements. Finally, we analyse the existing works and identify open challenges and trends in the area of Inter-Cloud application brokering. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

/pdf/inter-cloud-architectures-and-application-brokering-taxonomy-281ufpbmsg.pdf

Inter-Cloud architectures and application brokering: taxonomy and survey

We present here a report produced by a workshop on 'Addressing failures in exascale computing' held in Park City, Utah, 4-11 August 2012. The charter of this workshop was to establish a common taxonomy about resilience across all the levels in a computing system, discuss existing knowledge on resilience across the various hardware and software layers of an exascale system, and build on those results, examining potential solutions from both a hardware and software perspective and focusing on a combined approach.

The workshop brought together participants with expertise in applications, system software, and hardware; they came from industry, government, and academia, and their interests ranged from theory to implementation. The combination allowed broad and comprehensive discussions and led to this document, which summarizes and builds on those discussions.

/pdf/addressing-failures-in-exascale-computing-1b4vxg0uhl.pdf

Addressing failures in exascale computing

We propose a scheme for transient-fault recovery called Simultaneously and Redundantly Threaded processors with Recovery (SRTR) that enhances a previously proposed scheme for transient-fault detection, called Simultaneously and Redundantly Threaded (SRT) processors. SRT replicates an application into two communicating threads, one executing ahead of the other. The trailing thread repeats the computation performed by the leading thread, and the values produced by the two threads are compared. In SRT, a leading instruction may commit before the check for faults occurs, relying on the trailing thread to trigger detection. In contrast, SRTR must not allow any leading instruction to commit before checking occurs, since a faulty instruction cannot be undone once the instruction commits.To avoid stalling leading instructions at commit while waiting for their trailing counterparts, SRTR exploits the time between the completion and commit of leading instructions. SRTR compares the leading and trailing values as soon as the trailing instruction completes, typically before the leading instruction reaches the commit point. To avoid increasing the bandwidth demand on the register file for checking register values, SRTR uses the register value queue (RVQ) to hold register values for checking. To reduce the bandwidth pressure on the RVQ itself, SRTR employs dependence-based checking elision (DBCE). By reasoning that faults propagate through dependent instructions, DBCE exploits register (true) dependence chains so that only the last instruction in a chain uses the RVQ, and has the leading and trailing values checked. SRTR performs within 1% and 7% of SRT for SPEC95 integer and floating-point programs, respectively: While SRTR without DBCE incurs about 18% performance loss when the number of RVQ ports is reduced from four (which is performance-equivalent to an unlimited number) to two ports, with DBCE, a two-ported RVQ performs within 2% of a four-ported RVQ.

/pdf/transient-fault-recovery-using-simultaneous-multithreading-7a328f60mh.pdf

Transient-fault recovery using simultaneous multithreading

Artificial intelligence and internet of things in small and medium-sized enterprises: A survey

Wormhole routing has emerged as the most widely used switching technique in massively parallel computers. We present a detailed survey of various techniques for enhancing the performance and reliability of wormhole-routing schemes in directly connected networks. We start with an overview of the direct network topologies and a comparison of various switching techniques. Next, the characteristics of the wormhole routing mechanism are described in detail along with the theory behind deadlock-free routing. The performance of routing algorithms depends on the selection of the path between the source and the destination, the network traffic, and the router design. The routing algorithms are implemented in the router chips. We outline the router characteristics and describe the functionality of various elements of the router. Depending on the usage of paths between the source and the destination, routing algorithms are classified as deterministic, fully adaptive, and partially adaptive. We discuss several representative algorithms for all these categories. The algorithms within each category vary in terms of resource requirements and performance under various traffic conditions. The main difference among various adaptive routing schemes is the technique used to avoid deadlocks. We also discuss a few algorithms based on deadlock recovery techniques. Along with performance, fault tolerance is essential for message routing in multicomputers, and we thus discuss several fault-tolerant wormhole routing algorithms along with their fault-handling capabilities. These routing schemes enable a message to reach its destination even in the presence of faults in the network. The implementation details of wormhole routing algorithms in contemporary commercial systems are also discussed. We conclude by itemizing several future directions and open issues.

/pdf/wormhole-routing-techniques-for-directly-connected-3x5iz9ly5d.pdf

Wormhole routing techniques for directly connected multicomputer systems

Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Parallel processing

Cloud computing is becoming increasingly popular and prevalent in many domains. However, there is high variability in the programming models, access methods, and operational aspects of different clouds, diminishing the viability of cloud computing as a true utility. Our ADAPAS project attempts to analyze the commonalities and differences between cloud offerings with a view to determining the extent to which they may be unified. We propose the concept of dynamic adapters supported by runtime systems for environment preconditioning, that help facilitate cross platform deployment of cloud applications. This vision paper outlines the issues involved, and presents preliminary ideas for enhancing the executability of applications on different cloud platforms.

Euro-Par 2011: Parallel Processing Workshops

The wide exploitation of cloud resources has been hindered by the diversity on the provision of these resources and thus resulting in heterogeneity between them. Research efforts on the design of cloud applications, leveraging resources form heterogeneous cloud environments, have been concentrated on traditional cloud platform resources such as deployment capabilities and data stores. However, the emergence of the cloud application platforms has made available a wide range of platform basic services (e.g. e-mail, message queue and authentication service) that can drastically decrease the application development time. Our work focuses on eliminating the heterogeneity among the providers offering those services. To this end we propose an ontologydriven framework, which facilitates the seamless and transparent use of platform basic services provisioned by multiple clouds environments. Ontologies are leveraged to enable the homogeneous description of the functionality of the service providers.

Euro-Par 2014: Parallel Processing Workshops

Euro-Par 2010 Parallel Processing Workshops : HeteroPar, HPCC, HiBB, CoreGrid, UCHPC, HPCF, PROPER, CCPI, VHPC, Ischia, Italy, August 31 September 3, 2010, Revised Selected Papers

Euro-Par 2009 – Parallel Processing Workshops

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