The development of high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) can be broadly generalized into thin-film electronics, wire applications, and bulk applications. We consider bulk HTSs to include sintered or crystallized forms that do not take the geometry of filaments or tapes, and we discuss major applications for these materials. For the most part applications may be realized with the HTSs cooled to 77 K, and the properties of the bulk HTSs are often already sufficient for commercial use. A non-exhaustive list of applications for bulk HTSs includes trapped field magnets, hysteresis motors, magnetic shielding, current leads, and magnetic bearings. These applications are briefly discussed in this paper.

/pdf/applications-of-bulk-high-temperature-superconductors-3qu82fryqf.pdf

Applications of bulk high-temperature superconductors

Bulk (RE)-Ba-Cu-O [(RE)BCO] cuprate HTS have been developed steadily towards a wide range of sustainable engineering and technological applications since their discovery in 1986 based primarily on their unique potential to trap very large magnetic fields (>5 T) at temperatures that are accessible potentially by thermo-electric cooling techniques. Trapped fields of ∼10 T at the surface of individual (RE)BCO bulk single grains and in excess of 17 T in a reinforced two-sample stack are now being achieved reliably. This paper reviews the current state of the art of the processing of large, single grain (RE)BCO bulk superconductors required to trap fields of this magnitude, and specifically via two advanced fabrication approaches; the traditional TSMG process and the more recently developed TSIG technique. The focus of the review is on optimising the critical processing parameters to achieve high-quality, high performance single grain (RE)BCO bulk superconductors specifically for high-field applications. The review also summarises recent advances in processing, such as the integration of the so-called buffer technique into the TSMG and TSIG processing methodologies to achieve improved reliability in single grain growth with a success rate exceeding 90%, the development of a Mg-doped NdBCO generic seed crystal for the successful growth of all rare-earth and light-rare earth based bulk superconductors [(RE)BCO and (LRE)BCO] and the introduction of nano-size stable, non-superconducting phase(s) to the bulk microstructure to improve the intrinsic flux pinning strength of the material, and hence trapped magnetic field. Details of the two-step buffer-aided TSIG technique developed recently that yields dense, near-net shaped, high performance (RE)BCO bulk superconductors with improved superconducting and mechanical properties are also presented. Suitable sample-seed configurations for effective multi-seeding are discussed, which enables the production of high aspect ratio, bar-shaped (RE)BCO quasi-single grains that exhibit improved levitation forces required in Maglev-based applications, for example, are discussed. The electrical, mechanical, microstructural and magnetic properties (including those achieved from a pulsed-field magnetisation approach) of the different (RE)BCO systems are presented and the relevant correlation in properties and performance highlighted, accordingly. Finally, a brief summary of existing applications and prospects for near-future exploitation of these remarkable, technologically important materials, and particularly in the medical and pharma-industries, is provided.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6668/abde88/pdf

The processing and properties of bulk (re)bco high temperature superconductors: current status and future perspectives

This data, in the form of both raw text and an origin file is the raw hall scan data supporting figure 14 in the associated paper. Sample 510 is the TSMG sample, sample 511 is the TSIG sample. The data is tab delimited and contains the magnitude in Tesla of the measured magnetic field at various positions across the sample denoted in both X and Y coordinates as well as polar coordinates.

Research data supporting "An improved top seeded infiltration growth method for the fabrication of Y–Ba–Cu–O bulk superconductors"

Single domain YBCO superconductors with different additions of Bi2O3 have been fabricated by top seeded infiltration and growth process (TSIG). The effect of Bi2O3 additions on the growth morphology, microstructure and levitation force of the YBCO bulk superconductor has been investigated. The results indicate that single domain YBCO superconductors can be fabricated with the additions of Bi2O3 less than 2 wt%; Bi2O3 can be reacted with Y2BaCuO5 and liquid phase and finally form Y2Ba4CuBiOx(YBi2411) nanoscale particles; the size of the YBi2411 particles is about 100 nm, which can act as effective flux pinning centers. It is also found that the levitation force of single domain YBCO bulks is increasing from 13 N to 34 N and decreasing to 11 N with the increasing of Bi2O3 addition from 0.1 wt% to 0.7 wt% and 2 wt%. This result is helpful for us to improve the physical properties of REBCO bulk superconductors.

New method for introducing nanometer flux pinning centers into single domain YBCO bulk superconductors

Despite the fact that high-temperature superconductors have been known for more than 30 years, these materials are still intensively studied due to their unique transport and magnetic properties. High-temperature superconducting mixed oxides (YBCO, REBCO, BSSCO, etc.) belong to a group of advanced ceramic materials with a layered structure, heading now towards their applications in various fields of engineering, energetics or industry. The improvement of their properties, mainly the critical current density in a high magnetic field, and thus a high trapped magnetic field, is therefore highly desirable. One of the possible routes for such improvement is implementation of artificial pinning centres in the superconducting single-domain matrix. In this review, we describe the use of various pinning centres and possible methods of their application. In addition, their advantages and disadvantages are summarized and discussed. The main focus is on nanosized pinning centres composed of chemically inert materials and on the bulk type of YBCO/REBCO superconductors used mainly for various superconducting magnetic levitation applications.

Microscale and nanoscale pinning centres in single-domain REBCO superconductors

In this paper, we investigated the two fabrication processes of single-domain GdBCO bulk superconductors with new solid phase sources (NSPs) and conventional solid phase sources (CSPs) by the modified top-seeded infiltration and growth (TSIG) technique. The CSPs is Gd2BaCuO5 powder, and the NSPs is made of a mixture of powders of Gd2O3 and BaCuO2. The reaction of the solid phase, morphology, microstructure and superconducting properties of the GdBCO samples were investigated. The properties of the sample with the NSPs have been improved compared with those of the sample fabricated by the CSPs. It is found that the improvement method cannot only increase the stability of the sample to complete the growth of the whole bulk during the TSIG process at a high temperature but also economize the raw material and experimental time. The results are helpful to us for the fabrication of large-grain single-domain GdBCO bulk superconductors using the improvement process method.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/28/3/035004/pdf

Comparison of the superconducting properties in GdBCO bulk superconductors fabricated with two different solid phases

A new solid source was prepared and used to fabricate large size GdBCO single domain superconductor by top-seeded infiltration and growth (TSIG) process. The morphology, microstructure, and superconductivity properties of the GdBCO sample were investigated. It is found that the proposed solid source can be used to fabricate a well textured GdBCO single domain, and also reduce the fabrication cost and improve working efficiency. The results are helpful to fabricate high quality and large size single domain GdBCO bulk superconductors.

Fabrication method of large size single domain GdBCO bulk superconductor using a new solid source

It is very important to choose a suitable seed crystal in the fabrication process of the (RE)BCO bulk superconductors by the top-seeded growth method, because a defective seed would result in the failure of the entire sample. Therefore, for optimizing the seed, a new approach is proposed in this paper for the fabrication process of Gd-Ba-Cu-O (GdBCO) bulk with promising superconducting properties. We developed the top-seeded melt texture and infiltration growth (TSMT-IG) process based on the modified top-seeded infiltration and growth (TSIG) process. In this modified infiltration growth, a mini pellet of thin melting texture (TMT) GdBCO was inserted between the NdBCO seed crystal and the solid-phase precursor pellet, resulting in the successful formation of well purified c-axis-oriented GdBCO crystals with a proper-sized TMT layer. The growth morphology, microstructure, side growth boundary, and superconducting properties of the GdBCO bulk superconductors with three different sizes of TMT pellets were studied in this paper. The results proved that the success rate for the fabrication of single-domain GdBCO bulk superconductors can be improved by the TSMT-IG process, which can also effectively inhibit the random nucleation phenomenon at some extent during the process of single-domain GdBCO bulk superconductor growth. In addition, the application of this new growth technology can help us not only to improve the growth performance of GdBCO samples with a proper size of the TMT mini pellet but also reduce the fabrication cost due to the use of only one precursor powder.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/28/10/105011/pdf

The fabrication process of a high performance and pure c-axis grown GdBCO bulk superconductor with the TSMT-IG technique

Single-domain YBa2Cu3O7−δ
 (YBCO) superconductors with different additions of Nb2O5 have been fabricated by a modified top seeded infiltration growth (TSIG) process. The growth morphology, microstructure and levitation force were investigated in details. The experimental results reveal that Nb2O5 can react with precursor powders in the TSIG process and finally form nanometer Y2Ba4CuNbO
 x
 (YNb2411) particles which can act as effective flux pinning centers. The content addition of Nb2O5 has sensitive effect on microstructure and superconductive property of YBCO bulks The levitation force increases firstly from 30 to 36 N and then reduces down to 21 N with the increasing of Nb2O5 additions from 0.1 to 0.9 wt% and 1.5 wt%. These results indicate a high-efficient method to improve the properties of YBCO bulks.

High-Efficient Method for Introducing Nanometer Y 2 Ba 4 CuNbO x Flux Pinning Centers in Single-Domain YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ Bulk Superconductors by TSIG Process

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