Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr (VI) pollution is largely related to several Cr (VI) industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union (EU) waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on the type of industry and receiving water body. Once in water, chromium mainly occurs in two oxidation states Cr (III) and Cr (VI) and related ion forms depending on pH values, redox potential, and presence of natural reducing agents. Public concerns with chromium are primarily related to hexavalent compounds owing to their toxic effects on humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Risks for human health range from skin irritation to DNA damages and cancer development, depending on dose, exposure level, and duration. Remediation strategies commonly used for Cr (VI) removal include physico-chemical and biological methods. This work critically presents their advantages and disadvantages, suggesting a site-specific and accurate evaluation for choosing the best available recovering technology.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/15/5438/pdf

Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview.

Sulfur-based mixotrophic bio-reduction for efficient removal of chromium (VI) in groundwater

Improved thermal conductivities in polystyrene nanocomposites by incorporating thermal reduced graphene oxide via electrospinning-hot press technique

https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/103517938/Manuscript_Insights_V_PCP_accepted.pdf

Insights into interactions between vanadium (V) bio-reduction and pentachlorophenol dechlorination in synthetic groundwater

The development of new antioxidants with quick absorbance of free radicals and excellent biocompatibility has drawn intensive attention in recent years. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) seemed to be one of the most promising antioxidants because of their appropriate antioxidant activity, unique structure, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicity. However, the relatively low antioxidant activity in comparison with inorganic semiconductor materials and unclear antioxidant mechanism limited their application in cells. In this paper, we further explored their antioxidant mechanism by focusing on the relationship between antioxidant activity and surface oxygen functional groups. The total oxygen fraction was controlled by post-preparation reduction using NaBH4 and the type of oxygen functional groups was adjusted by free radicals during the preparation of GQDs. The degree of reduction and content of surface oxygen groups were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the antioxidant activity was obtained by scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH˙) and hydroxyl (˙OH) free radicals. Based on the analysis of XPS, Raman, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, the relationship between antioxidant activity and the surface oxygen groups of GQDs was obtained, and the antioxidant mechanism of GQDs was revealed with a particular specification of each oxygen group in the antioxidant activity of GQDs, meanwhile, the biocompatibility of GQDs has been demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests. We hope that our results will provide a new insight into a complete antioxidant mechanism of GQDs.

Optimizing oxygen functional groups in graphene quantum dots for improved antioxidant mechanism

Light-independent redox reactions of graphene oxide in water: Electron transfer from NADH through graphene oxide to molecular oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species

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Light-independent redox reactions of graphene oxide in water: Electron transfer from NADH through graphene oxide to molecular oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species