Energy storage technology plays a role in improving new energy consumption capacities, ensuring the stable and economic operation of power systems, and promoting the widespread application of renewable energy technologies. Several new developments, ideas, approaches, and technologies have been introduced into this area from fields including materials, knowledge manage, electricity, control, and artificial intelligence. Based on the technical characteristics of renewable energy, this study reviews the roles, classifications, design optimisation methods, and applications of energy storage systems in power systems. First, we introduce the different types of energy storage technologies and applications, e.g. for utility-based power generation, transportation, heating, and cooling. Second, we briefly introduce the states of an energy storage system, along with its operation processes and energy storage capacity. Third, a comprehensive review is conducted on artificial intelligence applications in regards to optimisation system configuration, and energy control strategy, along with the applicability of different energy storage technologies. Finally, several issues and insights are discussed, offering new inspiration and concepts for the future study of integrated energy storage systems.

Integration of energy storage system and renewable energy sources based on artificial intelligence: An overview

This paper presents a robust predictive load frequency control for power systems with uncertain parameters and time delays in communication networks. The goal of the proposed approach is to achieve good performance for the closed-loop system under practical problems of the network including uncertainties in the dynamic model, time delays in the system, and time-varying model. To this end, a decentralized state-feedback control law is obtained by solving an linear matrix inequality based optimization. The aim of the optimization problem is to regularize the frequency deviation with the minimum control effort. It is shown that the stability of the system is guaranteed with respect to the Lyapunov stability theorem. Moreover, the problem is reformulated as a centralized load frequency control (LFC) approach for single-area power systems, and also as a non-predictive LFC method with lower computational complexity. The performance and robustness of the proposed strategy are studied through simulation results in different cases of uncertain and time-varying single-area and multi-area power systems with time delays.

LMI-Based Robust Predictive Load Frequency Control for Power Systems With Communication Delays

In an islanded microgrid with multiple distributed generations (DGs), the difference in line impedance may cause local voltage deviation, which leads to a series of problems such as lower power allocation accuracy and bus voltage drop under traditional droop control. In this respect, a method for optimizing the droop control using an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is proposed. Firstly, the microgrid structure and influence of line parameters on traditional droop control strategy is analyzed. Then, an improved particle swarm optimization is proposed. Based on the basic particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) is introduced to dynamically adjust the particle swarm optimization, which can effectively improve the global search ability and local search ability of the algorithm. After that, the improved algorithm is applied to the droop controller, simultaneously, the range of stable operation of the system is determined by small signal analysis. Finally, the simulation and experiment results show that the proposed improved droop control strategy can achieve accurate allocation of active and reactive power effectively while maintaining bus voltage and system frequency stability, enhance the dynamic performance and transient stability of the microgrid system.

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An Adaptive Droop Control Strategy for Islanded Microgrid Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization

In this study, a hierarchical optimal robust controller is presented for the power system load-frequency control problem. In this approach, the multi-area power system is first decomposed into several sub-systems (areas). Then by using a two-level control strategy, the overall optimal solution is obtained. At the first level, the optimal control of each area is obtained with respect to local information and also considering interactions coming from other areas. At the second level, by using a coordination strategy, the local controllers will converge to global solution and optimal robust controller is achieved. This approach is applicable to both single-area and multi-area interconnected power systems. Simulation results show the effectiveness and optimality of the proposed robust controller in power systems.

Hierarchical optimal robust load-frequency control for power systems

In this paper, we propose a new reaching law for variable structure control of continuous time dynamic systems. The proposed reaching law is a refined version of the classical Gao and Hung’s consta...

A new reaching law for sliding mode control of continuous time systems with constraints

In order to reduce voltage deviation deduced by the wind energy fluctuation and load disturbance, the sliding mode voltage control strategy of static compensator is proposed for the isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system. Firstly, the mathematical model of isolated hybrid wind-diesel power system with static compensator is established, then the proportion switching surface and reaching condition are selected to construct the robust controller. The simulation results show that the designed voltage sliding mode controller can suppress the voltage deviation effectively compared with the traditional control strategy.

Sliding Mode Reactive Power Control of Isolated Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System Based on STATCOM

The hierarchical control strategy of distributed energy storage units (DESUs) with mismatched line impedance and energy storage capacity is proposed for isolated DC microgrid. Firstly, the virtual impedance is dynamically adjusted by balance control to eliminate the influence of mismatched line impedance for the accuracy of current sharing. Then, each distributed energy storage unit can adjust current through SoC balance control according to its capacity and state of charge (SoC), make the error of SoC decrease, and gradually realize the SoC balance of DESUs during charging and discharging process. Finally, three simulation schemes based on Matlab are normal charging and discharging of DESUs, fluctuation of photovoltaic power and load change in DC microgrid. The results show that the proposed method can make current allocate reasonably according to capacity of DESUs.

Hierarchical Control Strategy for Distributed Energy Storage Units in isolated DC Microgrid

In this paper, a new sliding-mode control method is studied for a class of uncertain fuzzy time delay system. The time-delay terms and parametric uncertainties in the systems are bounded time varying and mismatched, respectively. The reaching condition is satisfied with linear sliding surface based on linear matrix inequalities method. The simulation example is proposed to prove the system can derive exponential stability by using of the designed controller.

A new sliding mode control approach for a class of uncertain Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy time-delay systems

Frequency is the key indicator for island microgrid, but it can be affected by the renewable energy fluctuation and the load variation. The robust coordinated control strategy is proposed for the photovoltaic (PV) -diesel-battery isolated microgrid. Based on different frequency deviation ranges, PV systems and diesel generator (DG) systems are prioritized for frequency regulation. When the frequency deviation exceeds the set frequency threshold, the battery system begins to response quickly. Furthermore, the sliding mode (SM) load frequency control (LFC) is designed to improve the dynamic characteristics of the coordinated strategy and restrain the randomness and volatility of the source and load. The results of Matlab/Simulink prove that the proposed coordinated strategy can make full use of renewable energy and improve the frequency quality.

The Robust Coordinated Control Strategy for Isolated Microgrid

The disturbance-observer-based sliding mode controller is designed for a class of nonlinear uncertain time-delay systems. A disturbance observer, unbiased in terms of the weighted mean, is designed to estimate the lumped disturbances with time-varying delay by the current system states, and the corresponding estimation error is analyzed. By incorporating H ∞ control technique into sliding mode control approach, integral sliding mode controllers are designed to guarantee the H ∞ performance of sliding mode dynamics and satisfy the reaching condition. The proposed scheme does not require uncertainties to satisfy matching condition and linear boundary condition, and chattering is efficiently restrained as well. A simulation example illustrates the obtained results.

Robust sliding mode control for nonlinear uncertain time-delay systems based on disturbance observer

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