We describe a comprehensive linear approach to the problem of imaging brain activity with high temporal as well as spatial resolution based on combining EEG and MEG data with anatomical constraints derived from MRI images. The "inverse problem" of estimating the distribution of dipole strengths over the cortical surface is highly underdetermined, even given closely spaced EEG and MEG recordings. We have obtained much better solutions to this problem by explicitly incorporating both local cortical orientation as well as spatial covariance of sources and sensors into our formulation. An explicit polygonal model of the cortical manifold is first constructed as follows: (1) slice data in three orthogonal planes of section (needle-shaped voxels) are combined with a linear deblurring technique to make a single high-resolution 3-D image (cubic voxels), (2) the image is recursively flood-filled to determine the topology of the gray-white matter border, and (3) the resulting continuous surface is refined by relaxing it against the original 3-D gray-scale image using a deformable template method, which is also used to computationally flatten the cortex for easier viewing. The explicit solution to an error minimization formulation of an optimal inverse linear operator (for a particular cortical manifold, sensor placement, noise and prior source covariance) gives rise to a compact expression that is practically computable for hundreds of sensors and thousands of sources. The inverse solution can then be weighted for a particular (averaged) event using the sensor covariance for that event. Model studies suggest that we may be able to localize multiple cortical sources with spatial resolution as good as PET with this technique, while retaining a much finer grained picture of activity over time.

Improved localizadon of cortical activity by combining eeg and meg with mri cortical surface reconstruction: A linear approach

An emerging class of theories concerning the functional structure of the brain takes the reuse of neural circuitry for various cognitive purposes to be a central organizational principle. According to these theories, it is quite common for neural circuits established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development, and be put to different uses, often without losing their original functions. Neural reuse theories thus differ from the usual understanding of the role of neural plasticity (which is, after all, a kind of reuse) in brain organization along the following lines: According to neural reuse, circuits can continue to acquire new uses after an initial or original function is established; the acquisition of new uses need not involve unusual circumstances such as injury or loss of established function; and the acquisition of a new use need not involve (much) local change to circuit structure (e.g., it might involve only the establishment of functional connections to new neural partners). Thus, neural reuse theories offer a distinct perspective on several topics of general interest, such as: the evolution and development of the brain, including (for instance) the evolutionary-developmental pathway supporting primate tool use and human language; the degree of modularity in brain organization; the degree of localization of cognitive function; and the cortical parcellation problem and the prospects (and proper methods to employ) for function to structure mapping. The idea also has some practical implications in the areas of rehabilitative medicine and machine interface design.

/pdf/neural-reuse-a-fundamental-organizational-principle-of-the-192fyqv3bk.pdf

Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain.

http://pact.cs.cmu.edu/pubs/KLI-KoedingerCorbettPerfetti2012-pre.pdf

The Knowledge-Learning-Instruction Framework: Bridging the Science-Practice Chasm to Enhance Robust Student Learning.

Memory is fleeting. New material rapidly obliterates previous material. How, then, can the brain deal successfully with the continual deluge of linguistic input? We argue that, to deal with this "Now-or-Never" bottleneck, the brain must compress and recode linguistic input as rapidly as possible. This observation has strong implications for the nature of language processing: (1) the language system must "eagerly" recode and compress linguistic input; (2) as the bottleneck recurs at each new representational level, the language system must build a multilevel linguistic representation; and (3) the language system must deploy all available information predictively to ensure that local linguistic ambiguities are dealt with "Right-First-Time"; once the original input is lost, there is no way for the language system to recover. This is "Chunk-and-Pass" processing. Similarly, language learning must also occur in the here and now, which implies that language acquisition is learning to process, rather than inducing, a grammar. Moreover, this perspective provides a cognitive foundation for grammaticalization and other aspects of language change. Chunk-and-Pass processing also helps explain a variety of core properties of language, including its multilevel representational structure and duality of patterning. This approach promises to create a direct relationship between psycholinguistics and linguistic theory. More generally, we outline a framework within which to integrate often disconnected inquiries into language processing, language acquisition, and language change and evolution.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0140525X1500031X

The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language.

The present study uses probabilistic models of corpus data in a novel way, to measure and compare the syntactic predictive capacities of speakers of different varieties of the same language. The study finds that speakers' knowledge of probabilistic grammatical choices can vary across different varieties of the same language and can be detected psycholinguistically in the individual. In three pairs of experiments, Australians and Americans responded reliably to corpus model probabilities in rating the naturalness of alternative dative constructions, their lexical-decision latencies during reading varied inversely with the syntactic probabilities of the construction, and they showed subtle covariation in these tasks, which is in line with quantitative differences in the choices of datives produced in the same contexts.

/pdf/predicting-syntax-processing-dative-constructions-in-2pl0h70xqr.pdf

Predicting syntax: Processing dative constructions in American and Australian varieties of English

New data on the large number of modality-specific areas in the post-central cortex of several non-human primates, and recent anatomical and functional studies of the human brain suggest that very little of the cortex consists of poly-modal 'association' areas. These observations are used to reinterpret psychological and neuropsychological data on language comprehension in normal and brain-damaged humans. I argue that language comprehension in sighted people might best be thought of as a kind of code-directed scene comprehension that draws heavily upon specifically visual, and probably largely prelinguistic processing constraints. The key processes of word-recognition and the assembly of visual word meaning patterns into interacting chains, however, may be mediated in part by species-specific activity patterns in secondary auditory cortex similar to those generated by uninterpreted speech-sound sequences. One obvious reason to study non-human primate brains is that they resemble the human primate brain in many ways. Yet humans exhibit behaviors--especially the comprehension of linguistic discourse--that are qualitatively very different from behaviors of primates and other animals. Because of this, some have concluded that animal brains may be poor models for the human brain. There are presently quite substantial rifts between psychological, neuropsychological, and neurobiological approaches to language. Recent developments in studying human and animal brains, however, provide a strong impetus to re-open discourse among these disciplines. The neocortex of all mammals is now known to consist primarily of a mosaic of visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, and limbic areas. Primitive mammals have a small number of areas in each of these modalities, while carnivores and primates have many. In monkeys, for example, a mosaic of 25 visual areas occupies more than half of the entire neocortex (Merzenich & Kaas, 1980; Sereno, 1988; Felleman & Van Essen, 1991; Sereno and Allman, 1991). The traditional site for higher-level functions--"polymodal association cortex"--has been reduced to a few diminutive strips in between large expanses of unimodal visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas. The potential significance of this reparcellation of cortex for the study of language and the brain has hardly been explored. The aim of this paper is to re-introduce a thoroughly comparative perspective into the evolutionary acquisition of the capacity for language, but one that does not back away from the obvious cognitive differences between humans and other animals. The anatomical and physiological organization of cortical areas in primates, including recent work on human cortex, is reviewed first. The implications of this work for theories of human language comprehension are then explored. Cortical Sensory Areas in Primates Definition of a Visual Area. Cortical sensory areas are best defined by multiple converging criteria (Van Essen, 1985; Sereno and Allman, 1991). I begin here with visual areas, since they constitute the largest of the primary subdivisions of the cortex. Criteria for the definition of a visual area presently include architectonic features (e.g., degree of myelination, cell size, cell morphology, and cell packing density in cortical layers, histochemical features), connection patterns (e.g., input and output areas, laminar origins and targets of connections), visuotopic organization (e.g., mirror-image or non-mirror-image map of hemifield, bounding areas, pattern of map discontinuities, degree of retinotopy), and physiological properties (e.g., excitatory receptive field size, direction selectivity, attention-related modulation). Areas differ in the degree to which these criteria have been explored. V1 (primary visual cortex) and MT (middle temporal area) are distinct, well-studied areas in primates that are convergently identified by many of these criteria. Other areas--e.g., in inferotemporal cortex-are less well studied. There is no evidence to suggest that they are any less distinct. Visual Areas in Prosimians and Monkeys. The first primates were probably nocturnal, judging from the large size of their orbits. The primates living today most closely related to these early primates are also nocturnal or crepuscular. The bush baby or galago, the only prosimian primate studied in detail (Allman and McGuinness, 1983), has on the order of 16 visual areas. Almost all visual areas in galagos exhibit a substantial degree of retinotopic organization, including areas in the inferotemporal cortex. In these studies, the entire extent of visual cortex was physiologically mapped in detail for the first time. In a passive animal, visual areas only respond to visual stimuli, auditory areas only to auditory stimuli, and somatosensory areas only to somatosensory stimuli. Visual cortical areas border almost directly upon somatosensory areas (dorsally) and auditory areas (ventrally). The transitional strip between, for example, auditory and visual areas (in which neurons have both a visual and an auditory receptive field) is less than one mm wide. Monkeys (anthropoids) are thought to have diverged from the ancestors of galagos at least 40 million years ago. All but one of the anthropoids are diurnal (day-living), suggesting strongly that day-living habits evolved early in the monkey lineage. The one nocturnal monkey, the New World owl monkey, lacks a tapetum, suggesting that its ancestors had diurnal habits. The organization of visual cortex has been studied in detail in two different monkeys--the owl monkey and the macaque monkey. Figure 1B shows a flattened summary map of visual areas in the owl monkey (Weller and Kaas, 1987; Sereno and Allman, 1991). As in galagos, V1 is the largest area, followed by V2. There appear to be at least three somewhat separate ’streams’ of information passing through V1 and V2--the magnocellular, parvocellular interblob, and parvocellular blob streams (named after their relay structures in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and area V1)--that remain somewhat separated as one moves on to higher areas (Livingstone and Hubel, 1984; DeYoe and Van Essen, 1988). These pathways process different aspects of the visual signal in parallel--roughly, motion, location, and depth in the magnocellular pathway, and color, shape, and shading in the parvocellular pathways. The pathways pass through layer 4B, layer 2-3 interblobs, and layer 2-3 blobs in V1, and the thick stripes, interstripes, and thin stripes in V2, respectively. There is a broad subdivision of the more rostral visual areas into parietal (e.g., TP, ST--receiving primarily magnocellular stream input) and inferotemporal (e.g., ITcd, ITr--receiving primarily parvocellular interblob and Language And The Primate Brain

Language and the primate brain

A professional's response to a client's disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV) is shown to significantly impact client outcomes. The quality of a professional's response is largely influenced by that professional's beliefs or biases surrounding IPV. This systematic review examined empirical studies conducted in North America and published between 2000 and 2020 evaluating training effects on biases held by professional groups toward victim-survivors of IPV. Search and extraction were conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses standards across seven electronic databases. A total of 17 studies met inclusion criteria. Participant groups included professionals from medical, academic, and social/community service disciplines. All included studies reported significant gains on at least one measure of bias. Upon visual inspection, we found no correlations between characteristics of training interventions and reported outcomes on measures of bias. We discuss results in terms of challenges to measuring bias and functional relationships between training interventions, measures of bias, and professional behavior. Variation presented across studies within and between disciplines in regards to training methodology and measurement of bias. Experts in the field of IPV call for a more cohesive approach. We propose the behavior analytic conceptualization of bias as a framework through which interdisciplinary efforts might be unified toward addressing IPV-related biases. Through this lens, we discuss environmental cues within professional settings that might be influencing problematic IPV-related bias. We offer preliminary recommendations for curricular enhancements. We advocate for revision of terms commonly used in IPV-related research and intervention to better reflect and honor diversity across persons experiencing IPV.

A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies Measuring Training Effects on Biases Evidenced by Professionals toward Intimate Partner Violence.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Mi Sereno

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Language and the primate brain

A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies Measuring Training Effects on Biases Evidenced by Professionals toward Intimate Partner Violence.