Esculetin, a coumarin derivative isolated from a variety of medicinal herbs, has been reported to possess multiple therapeutic and pharmacological actions. Although several studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of esculetin, its mechanisms of action have not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of esculetin against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts and to investigate the mechanisms involved in this process. Our data indicated that esculetin preconditioning significantly attenuated H2O2‑induced growth inhibition and DNA damage and the apoptosis of C2C12 cells by suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Treatment with esculetin effectively increased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Esculetin treatment also activated extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK), and pre‑treatment with PD98059, an ERK‑specific inhibitor, blocked esculetin-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 and the induction of NQO1 expression. In addition, the protective effects of esculetin against H2O2‑induced ROS accumulation, apoptosis and growth inhibition were abrogated in the C2C12 cells pre‑treated with PD98059. Thus, the present study demonstrates that esculetin protects C2C12 cells against oxidative stress-induced injury, possibly through the activation of the Nrf2/NQO1 pathway.

/pdf/cytoprotective-effects-of-esculetin-against-oxidative-stress-160clemxcq.pdf

Cytoprotective effects of esculetin against oxidative stress are associated with the upregulation of Nrf2-mediated NQO1 expression via the activation of the ERK pathway

In this study, we investigated the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction associated with cell cycle arrest induced by sulforaphane in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that sulforaphane inhibited proliferation of AGS cells by promoting apoptosis and accumulating the cellular portion of the G2/M phase via the buildup of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase p21 (WAF1/CIP1). Moreover, the phosphorylation of histone H3 was markedly increased following treatment with sulforaphane, indicating that sulforaphane stimulated mitotic arrest. Sulforaphane concurrently induced phosphorylation of AMPK; however, compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly blocked sulforaphane-induced apoptosis, suggesting that sulforaphane induces apoptosis of AGS cells through the AMPK-dependent pathway. Sulforaphane also activated the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and the nuclear translocation of cytochrome c. Furthermore, sulforaphane provoked the generation of intracellular ROS; especially when ROS production was blocked by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, both AMPK activation and growth inhibition by sulforaphane were completely abolished. Collectively, these findings suggest that sulforaphane inhibited growth of AGS cells, which was mediated by a complex interplay between cellular mechanisms governing redox homeostasis, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest through an ROS/AMPK-dependent pathway.

/pdf/ros-mediated-activation-of-ampk-plays-a-critical-role-in-3t329xw2pv.pdf

ROS-mediated activation of AMPK plays a critical role in sulforaphane-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest in AGS human gastric cancer cells.

Preclinical Research The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of berberine hydrochloride (BBH), an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from a variety of herbs, on hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, especially the expression of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. BBH preconditioning attenuated H2 O2 -induced growth inhibition and DNA damage as well as apoptosis in C2C12 cells via suppression of the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with BBHride alone effectively upregulated the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and elevated HO-1 activity. However, the protective effects of BBH against H2 O2 -induced ROS generation and cell growth reduction were abolished by an HO-1 inhibitor. Moreover, BBH-mediated induction and activation of HO-1 were reduced by genetic silencing of Nrf2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA). In addition, the effects of BBH against H2 O2 -induced ROS accumulation and growth inhibition were abrogated in C2C12 cells transfected with Nrf2 siRNA. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that BBH could protect C2C12 cells against oxidative stress-induced injury and this effect involved activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Drug Dev Res, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Berberine Hydrochloride Protects C2C12 Myoblast Cells Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage via Induction of Nrf-2-Mediated HO-1 Expression.

Diallyl trisulfide induces apoptosis and mitotic arrest in AGS human gastric carcinoma cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.

Concerns regarding sustainability have prompted the search of value in the by-products of food manufacturing. Such is the case of the cooking water (CW) of chickpeas, which has shown its potential as a vegan egg white replacement. This study aimed to characterize and compare the CW from three novel legumes (black soybeans, BSB; yellow soybeans, YSB; and small black beans, SBB) obtained from the processing of Korean soybean foods, and the widely used CW from chickpeas (CH), with regard to total polyphenol, total carbohydrate, and protein contents, and further compare their foaming and emulsifying abilities and stabilities. Compositional analysis revealed that all the studied legumes possessed higher values than CH for all parameters. Furthermore, the CW from these legumes exhibited enhanced functional properties, particularly foaming capacity and stability. Taken together, our results suggest that the CW from BSB, YSB, and SBB, sourced from the manufacturing of legume food products, has the potential of being revalorized as a plant-based functional ingredient for vegan product development.

Revalorization of the Cooking Water (Aquafaba) from Soybean Varieties Generated as a By-Product of Food Manufacturing in Korea.

The effects that ultraviolet rays elicit on collagen synthesis and degradation are the most common causes of wrinkle formation and photo-aging in skin. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Angelica acutiloba root ethanol extract (AAEE) to promote collagen synthesis and inhibit collagen degradation in human dermal fibroblasts. By examining total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, electron donating ability, radical scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase-like activity, we found that AAEE exhibited fairly good antioxidant activity. Treatment with AAEE significantly increased type I procollagen production by cultured fibroblasts, as well as reduced ultraviolet-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and MMP-2 activity in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In addition, AAEE significantly increased TIMP-1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05), although without an associated dose-dependent increase in TIMP-1 protein expression. In summary, we suggest that AAEE may be a potentially effective agent for the prevention or alleviation of skin-wrinkle formation induced by ultraviolet rays.

/pdf/anti-photoaging-effects-of-angelica-acutiloba-root-ethanol-5ci8u3mq0v.pdf

Anti-Photoaging Effects of Angelica acutiloba Root Ethanol Extract in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

We evaluated the antioxidant activity and melanogenic effects of black soybean ethanol extracts, including Rhynchosia nulubilis bean ethanol extract (RNBEE), R. nulubilis leaf ethanol extract (RNLEE), R. volubilis bean ethanol extract (RVBEE), and R. volubilis leaf ethanol extract (RVLEE). The total polyphenol contents of RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE were 16.0, 57.7, 365.9, and 260.1 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid contents of RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE were 40.4, 91.7, 84.7, and 216.5 mg/g, respectively. The electron-donating abilities of RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE at 1,000 µg/ mL were 32.4%, 12.7%, 83.5%, and 84.5%, respectively. RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE at 50 µg/ mL significantly increased (p < 0.01) melanin contents by 30.4%, 32.1%, 35.5%, and 37.4%, respectively, compared to that of the control. RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE at 50 µg/mL significantly increased (p < 0.01) intracellular tyrosinase activity by 18.4%, 21.8%, 21.5%, and 21.1%, respectively, compared to that of the control. These results demonstrated that black soybean ethanol extracts promote melanogenesis in melan-a cells. Among the black soybean ethanol extracts, R. volubilis was found to be more effective than R. nulubilis, and leaf extract was found to be more effective than bean extract. The potential mechanism underlying the hyperpigmentation effects of black soybeans is the promotion of tyrosinase activity.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5487/TR.2016.32.2.141.pdf

Melanogenesis-Promoting Effects of Rhynchosia nulubilis and Rhynchosia volubilis Ethanol Extracts in Melan-a Cells

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Anti-Photoaging Effects of Angelica acutiloba Root Ethanol Extract in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Melanogenesis-Promoting Effects of Rhynchosia nulubilis and Rhynchosia volubilis Ethanol Extracts in Melan-a Cells